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During a taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus sect. Phyllanthus subsect. Phyllanthus, a new species was found and is being described and illustrated here. Phyllanthus longipetiolatus, known from the state of São Paulo (Brazil), belongs to the previously mentioned section and is morphologically similar to P. niruri. However, the new species differs from the latter by its leaves with long petioles (1.4–1.9 mm long), staminate inflorescences in cincinni, staminate and pistillate flowers with long pedicels (3.8–4 mm long and 6.7–8 mm long, respectively), staminate disk and smooth seeds. Its distribution, habitat, phenology, and informal conservation status are presented.

Two new species, Phyllanthus itamarajuensis and P. tuberculatus (Phyllanthaceae), currently restricted to the Atlantic Forest of Bahia State, Brazil, are described and illustrated. Phyllanthus itamarajuensis is distinguished by having long styles (2–2.2 mm long) associated with subshrubby habit, discretely asymmetrical basal leaves, and anthers with vertical dehiscence. Phyllanthus tuberculatus is characterized by glabrous leaves, a long pistillate pedicel (18–20 mm long), flowers of both sexes 5-merous, disk of the staminate flowers with five obtriangular segments with tuberculated surfaces, each being separated by a deep recess, and each with a central pore, anthers with non-divergent thecae, and a patelliform pistillate disk. The systematic position of both new species is discussed, and comments are provided on their morphological relationships, geographic distribution, conservation status, environmental preferences, and phenology.

The taxonomy of Phyllanthaceae Martinov in the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil was updated through the analysis of approximately 200 specimens deposited in regional herbaria as well as field observations. Thirty-five species were recorded, belonging to seven genera: Amanoa Aubl. (1 species), Astrocasia B.L. Rob. & Millsp. (1), Discocarpus Klotzsch (1), Hieronyma Allemão (2), Margaritaria L.f. (1), Phyllanthus L. (28), and Richeria Vahl (1). Of the 35, six are new records for Alagoas State, two for Rio Grande do Norte, four for Paraíba, and six for Sergipe. Among the recorded species, 18 are endemic to Brazil, and of those, 11 are endemic to the Brazilian northeast and nine are exclusive to the Atlantic Forest. An identification key, comments on their taxonomy, phenology and geographic distributions, species conservation status, distribution maps, and illustrations of the species are provided.

During a taxonomic study of Phyllanthaceae in northeastern Brazil, three new occurrences of Phyllanthus were recorded (P. augustini Baill, P. hyssopifolioides Kunth., and P. riedelianus Müll. Arg.), and diagnoses, distribution information, conservation statuses, as well as affinity comments are provided here. Additionally, the rare species Phyllanthus carvalhoi G.L. Webster was collected, which is endemic to the Atlantic Forest in Bahia State, and we provide an updated morphological description, conservation status, photographs, and unpublished illustrations.