In Romania, the diversity and specificity of the pedoclimatic systems (in approximately equal proportions - plain, hill, mountain) and the historical and socio-economic particularities generated a land fund structure dominated by the share of agricultural lands (over 61%), being present in all relief units. Romania is one of the European countries with important land resources, per capita returning 0.68 ha of agricultural land and 0.43 ha of arable land. In the last 30 years, in Banat and not only, under the impact of socio-economic, political and natural factors, there have been significant changes in the structure of land use. The general trend was to increase agricultural land and built at the expense of forests and natural grasslands. This paper aimed to make an empirical analysis of land use categories in the Timiş Plain, focusing on grasslands and arable land, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the 2018 Corine Land Cover database. The experimental site is constituted in the form of a transect formed by five territorial administrative units (Lovrin ATU, Cenei ATU, Peciu Nou ATU, Pădureni ATU and Moşniţa Nouă ATU), representative for the geographical unit of which they are part, respectively Timiş Plain. The relief conditions, as well as the geographical position of the analyzed territory, are reflected in the land use and the agricultural activities carried out. The five ATUs analyzed have a significant agricultural potential, characterized by large areas of covered arable land, mostly fertile soils, which allow crop diversification. The area has agricultural potential, the market access being an important factor of development in terms of livestock growth, even if the grassland areas are small. Filling with fodder is made from fodder crops and arable sown grasslands (complex crops).

Winter wheat is one of the agricultural plants that reacts positively to the application of fertilizers in all soil and climatic conditions in our country. Factors that influence the effectiveness of fertilizers and create dosing difficulties, require the organization of a certain long-term experience for complex research of complex interactions plant x soil x fertilizer x climate and their effect on plant productivity, established in Secuieni in 1975.  This paper presents the results obtained in a long-term experience with chemical fertilizers (NP) in winter wheat crop, located in Agricultural Research and Development Station Secuieni Neamț (A.R.D.S. Secuieni, Neamț), during 2019-2021. The experience takes place in the experimental field of the unit, on a typical cambic faeoziom (chernozem) soil, with medium texture, and its an bifactorial type (N x P) and were placed according to the method of subdivided plots, in five repetitions: the factor A phosphorus, with the following graduations: P0, P40, P80, P120 and P160 and factor B nitrogen, with the following graduations: N0, N40, N80, N120 and N160. The winter wheat culture is part of a three-year crop rotation with beans – winter wheat - corn. Following in rotation after beans, no nitrogen fertilizers were applied at the establishment of the crop. The variety studied is the Glosa variety, created at N.A.R.D.I. Fundulea (National Institute for Agricultural Research and Development Fundulea). In the climatic conditions of the two experimental years (2019-2021) the yields obtained from the application of chemical fertilizers varied depending on the applied dose. In the first year of testing, the yield varied in very high limits, from 3232kg ha-1 in the non-fertilized version and up to 6525 kg ha-1 in the version fertilized with N120P80. In the second year, the minimum yield was obtained in the version in which no fertilizer was applied dose, of 6133 kg ha-1, and the variant in which the fertilizer doses of N120P120 were applied obtained the highest yield, of 9429 kg ha-1. On average, the factors studied greatly influenced winter wheat yield, which variet within large limits, between 4683 kg ha-1 (N0P0) and 7787 kg ha-1 (N120P120).

The spread of Italian ryegrass culture worldwide is due to its large yield capacity, superior feed quality and the fact that it is an ideal blending partner. The Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Is a very valuable forage plant with wide possibilities of use in animal feed (green mass, hay, silo) and has a very high capacity to adapt to different types of soils and climates. In this context, the aim of this research is to evaluate the differences between the growth traits and productivity of three varieties of Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. Westerwoldicum, sown in autumn in an area with cold winters. Two alternative tetraploid varieties (Linos and Ivan) and an alternative diploid variety - Sprint (Catalogo-zanandrea-sementi-en.pdf), recommended for green mass and silo, were used as biological material. In order to evaluate the three varieties, the basic green mass feed yield elements (number of tillers, their height and the weight of the bunch) and the green mass yield at the first harvest were taken into account. The results of the research show that the Linos variety recorded the highest weight of the bunch based on the large number of tiller and the height of the tillers. The variations are much larger between the Linos and Ivan varieties based on the number of tillers. The green mass yields of the three Italian ryegrass varieties studied are directly influenced by the values of the yield / bunch traits. Thus, the largest yield of green mass at the first harvest, of 28.9 t.ha-1, was also registered for the Linos variety. This study has a special practical importance, bringing a plus in the technology of cultivation of Italian ryegrass sown in autumn in the conditions of cold winters.

The study evaluated the fertility and spatial variability of some agricultural lands, in the area of Cenei locality, Timis county, Romania. The soil samples, representative for the studied agricultural lands, were taken from nine different locations. The soil reaction (pH, H2O), total nitrogen content (Nt), mobile potassium content (K, ppm) were considered and studied, and the degree of saturation in basic cations (V,%) was calculated. The soil reaction showed values between pH = 6.29 - 7.97 ±0.20, the degree of saturation in basic cations (V,%) had values between V = 74.80 - 100.00 ±3.13%, total nitrogen showed values between Nt = 0.11 - 0.35 ±0.03%, and the potassium content showed values between K = 275 - 390 ±15.49 ppm. High variability was recorded in the Nt index values (CVNt = 38.3598) and low variability in the soil reaction (CVpH = 8.3248). For the other soil indices studied, intermediate values were recorded, respectively CVV = 9.9760 for the degree of saturation in basic cations (V%), and CVK = 13.7177 in the case of mobile potassium content (Kmobil). The variation of the mobile K content in relation to the soil reaction (pH) was described by a polynomial equation of degree 2, equation (1), in statistical safety conditions, at the level of R2 = 0.779, p = 0.0121. Under PCA, PC1 explained 69.593% of variance, and PC2 explained 25.919% of variance. Cluster analysis facilitated the grouping of soil samples into two separate clusters, with three sub-clusters, under Coph. coeff. = 0.859.

The fodder species Medicago sativa L. and Dactylis glomerata L. are appreciated for their yield, due to their high perenniality and the large number of scythes in a year, as well as for their different use. In recent years, fodder crops and grasslands have been given a special place in precision agriculture, and by using remote sensing and implicitly the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the vegetation status of crops is appreciated. In this context, the paper aims to capture the time dynamics, in different phenological stages, of the species Dactylis glomerata L. and Medicago sativa L., based on spectral information extracted from the analysis of PlanetScope satellite images, with a spatial resolution of 3 m. carried out in the experimental lots of the Lovrin Agricultural Research and Development Station - taking into account two plots cultivated with Dactylis glomerata L. (1.22 ha) and Medicago sativa L. (0.8 ha), located in the second and third year of vegetation. The analysis of the spectral information, materialized by NDVI values, with the data collected in the field regarding the dynamics of crop development (BBCH Code) led to the extraction of some useful conclusions for the agricultural practice regarding the health status of the two crops. NDVI values in Dactylis glomerata L. and Medicago sativa L. were different depending on crop evolution. Thus, at the end of winter, the NDVI index had the same average values for both crops (0.746), validated by field observations on crop health. Later on, for the Medicago sativa L. crop, the values of the NDVI index are increasing until sprout phenophase, when green mass was mowed for fodder. In the seed culture of Dactylis glomerata L. the values of the NDVI index are also increasing in the vegetative phase and reach the maximum threshold of 0.833, on 12.05.2020, in the phenophase - 50% of flowering (BBCH), after which it there is a decrease in them alonside with the change of the color of the plants as a result of the appearance of spikelets and later their ripening. The values of the NDVI index immediately after harvest in the two crops are different, being determined by their biological peculiarities.