The antibody against CA-195 binds to an epitope that consists of both Lewis A and sialylated Lewis A blood group antigen, whereas CA19-9 has shown specificity for sialylated Lewis A blood group antigen. CA19-9 and CA-195 levels were measured in the sera of 52 normal subjects; 65 benign disease patients; and 74 non-gastrointestinal, 149 colorectal, and 119 upper gastrointestinal cancer patients to correlate their levels with disease status of the patients. Low incidence and levels were found among normal subjects for both markers; however, in the benign disease group a slightly higher incidence of elevation was seen for CA19-9. Among colorectal cancer patients CA-195 appeared to show higher sensitivity for primary as well as advanced disease. Levels of both markers showed similar incidences of elevation among upper gastrointestinal cancer patients. Based on these results the contribution of Lea specificity of CA-195 cannot be ruled out, and it may be used alone or in combination with other markers for monitoring of patients with colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, gall bladder, bile duct, and liver cancers.

Introduction: Thyroid nodules brought to a hospital are checked for cancer. A post-operative histological examination is a gold standard for diagnosing thyroid lesions. Treatment is aided by a prior understanding of the disease’s underlying pattern. Objective: A retrospective study was done to determine the prevalence and distribution of malignancy in suspicious thyroid nodules. Methods: The study was conducted at Ganesh Man Singh Memorial Academy of ENT- Head and Neck studies from August 2017 to March 2020. All the subjects (n=183) presenting with a thyroid nodule and who had post-operative histopathological evaluation available were recruited in the study. The proportion and percentage of findings of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and histopathological evaluation were done. The distribution of histopathological observation was also analyzed in terms of age group and gender. Results: The mean age of study participants was 40.23 ± 13.77 years (n=183). The predominance of women was notable. In about 98 (53.55%) of the patients who underwent thyroidectomy, a benign lesion was found, but the most common finding was papillary carcinoma (40.98%). In the age group below 50 years, papillary carcinoma was most common. Among people older than 50, colloid goiter was more common. Follicular and medullary carcinomas were only observed in female participants. Gender did not appear to be associated with malignancy (p=0.99). Follicular adenomas were noted to have the youngest mean age. Conclusions: We observed a high prevalence of malignancy, particularly papillary carcinoma in clinically suspected thyroid nodules of a tertiary hospital in Nepal. Keywords: Colloid Goiter; malignancy; papillary carcinoma; thyroid cancer; thyroid nodule.

Background: Neoplastic lesions are one ofthe causes oflymphadenopathy, which harbors a wide spectrum of diseases.It is essential to conduct a lymph node biopsy and histopathological examination of the enlarged nodes. Histological processing beginswithnoticingdownthegrossfeatures.Itis possible torecognize thediseaseprocess bygrosslyexamininglymphnodes. Objectives: The objective of thisstudy isto characterize the neoplastic lymph node grossly on the premise of itssize,shape, cutsection appearance andpatternofinvolvementwhetherpresentingassingle,multipleormatted. Methods: The study used cross-sectional, quantitative methods, conducted in a hospital over a one-year period from 30thApril 2018 to 29thApril 2019 at Department of Pathology, TUTH. Ourstudy included participants with neoplastic lymph nodes who underwent excisional and lymph node biopsynodedissection, alongwithotherradicalprocedures.Wenotedthegrossfeatures of aneoplastic lymphnode. Results: The mean diameter of the largest lymph node with a neoplastic lesion was 2.02± 0.86 cm. The majority of neoplastic lymph nodes were round.Matted lesionswere found in seven cases, discretemultiple lymph nodesinvolved in 16 cases, and single lymph nodewasinvolved in 16 cases. Metastasisinvolving lymph nodes was most common in invasive carcinoma of the breast, NST.Among primary tumors of lymph nodes, most were Hodgkinlymphomas.Typically,lymphnodeswere irregular andshowedhomogenous brown and irregular grey white areas on cut sections. Conclusion: Neoplastic lymph nodes are characterized by different gross characteristics depending on theirshape, cutsection, and location. Pattern oflymph nodesinvolved is associatedwith origin of cancer(metastatic or primary tumor oflymph node).For amore complete understanding of gross features of lymph nodes, a rigorous study is recommended to identify whether the gross appearance of lymph nodes correlates with neoplastic pathologyandtodosimilarstudieswithlargersample sizes.

Background: Auditory differences among male and female is an underexplored topic. Sex-specific process of evolution has lead to differences in the physiology of male and female. For a long time, health equity has been confronted due to unawareness among health care providers that the findings are usually derived from research conducted among male. The objective of this study was to find differences in hearing threshold among healthy male and female.  Materials and Methods:This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted on age-matched male and female groups. Independent student's t-test was used to compare hearing thresholds at different frequencies between males and females.  Result:There were 23 males, and 23 age-matched females recruited in the study. The mean age of male participants was 52.65±14.41 years, and that of female participants was  51.41±11.34 years. The differences in hearing threshold were not statistically significant at 250 Hertz, 500 Hertz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 3000 Hz, 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz of both ears. However, a higher threshold was observed in females at most frequencies. Conclusion: Although the hearing threshold was higher among females, observed differences in the hearing threshold between males and females were not significant.

Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN) is an uncommon malignancy with varied clinical features. The most alarming complication of this neoplasm is seeding of mucin into the adjacent peritoneum leading to pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). We report three cases of LAMN. Two cases were seen post appendicectomy in 23-year old and 36-year old females. The third case was seen in 53-year-old male post Whipple procedure and hemicolectomy. LAMNs are often diagnosed incidentally, as clinical presentation is barely specific and resembles acute appendicitis. Hence it is imperative to examine all appendicectomy specimens not to miss cases of appendiceal mucinous neoplasm which can have implications on the further management of the patient.