No abstract
Purpose. To reveal the influence of the substrate compositions on technical indicators and the chemical composition of the fruiting bodies of the golden oyster mushroom and poplar mushroom. Methods. The experimental design included cultivation of two species of wood-decay fungi Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer (strain 2161 IVK) and Cyclocybe aegerita (V.Brig.) Vizzini (strain 2230 IVK) on three variants of substrate composition. Laboratory, laboratory-production methods for evaluating the effectiveness of growing technology, chemical composition of the obtained raw materials, statistical methods of analysis were applied. Results. The structure and composition of substrates affect the technological characteristics of the culture, physical and chemical properties of fruiting bodies. The shortest fruiting cycle of 35.2 ± 1.7 days was determined for C. aegerita under growing conditions on SC1 substrate which formula included «straw, husks, pellet, rapeseed, corn, and CaCO3» in the ratio of 30: 40: 70: 20: 20: 1. The highest yield (170.5 ± 15.2 g per 1 kg of substrate) in the experiment was determined for P. citrinopileatus on the SC1 substrate composed of «straw / pellets / rapeseed / corn / CaCO3» in the ratio 40: 90: 20: 25: 1. Fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus obtained from the SC3 substrate composed of «pellets / rapeseed / corn / CaCO3» in the ratio 60: 110: 20: 30: 1 had the highest protein content – 22.47 ± 0.19%, and fruiting bodies from the SC1 substrate had the least amount of proteins – 17.38 ± 2.60%. Fruiting bodies of C. aegerita contained more lipids than those of P. citrinopileatus, but the factor of the influence of the substrate composition on the total amount of lipids for some cultivars was insignificant. The largest amount of endopolysaccharides was isolated from the fruiting bodies of C. aegerita (6.81 ± 0.41%) cultivated on SC3 substrate, and the smallest in the SC1 variant (1.38 ± 0.25%). The content of endopolysaccharides in the fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus had less variability from 2.54 ± 0.54 (SC3) to 4.72 ± 0.61% (SC1). Conclusion. Substrate compositions significantly affect the biological efficiency of cultivars and the content of nutrients in fruiting bodies of the studied species. The obtained results enable producers of mushrooms to predict the production efficiency and quality of grown mushrooms in accordance with the use of available raw materials.
Perforation or fruiting hole size on substrate bags control cluster sizes and morphology in exotic mushroom cultivation. The effect of three different perforation sizes on substrate bags (factor A: 50, 100, and 150 mm) and their positioning on the shelves (factor B: Horizontal, vertical, and slant) on the crop and various morphological characteristics in Pleurotus ostreatus was studied. Microclimatic conditions for fruiting were 16±1°C, 87±3% RH; 230±42 lux illumination. The formula for calculating area of ellipse was modified and used for the area of mushroom cap. Results indicated that the total fruit body yield and biological efficiency (BE) in the bags set in horizontal position were 10% lower than other treatments. The effect of perforation size on mushroom cluster sizes was more on the substrate blocks in the horizontal position. There was a linear correlation between perforation size and fruiting body cluster sizes. Results suggest that the 50 mm perforation on bags in vertical and slant positions gave fruiting body clusters sizes 186-196 mm width and 122-154 mm height, with 92.36±6.48% BE. The cluster size indicated is the best fit for standard packaging containers used in commercial oyster mushroom production in Ukraine.
Грибы рода вешенка Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Kumm являются источником биологически активных веществ, функциональность которых подтверждена многократно научными исследованиями. К сожалению, отсутствуют данные о динамике изменения биохимического состава в процессе созревания плодовых тел. Эти данные могли бы определить оптимальное время сбора урожая и направления переработки, позволяющие максимально сохранить питательную ценность грибного сырья. С другой стороны, для эффективного производства и переработки этих грибов необходимо исследовать органолептические показатели штаммов с высокой урожайностью, а также технологические особенности их первичной переработки. Изучены характеристики 6 штаммов вешенки, относящихся к двум видам P. ostreatus (Fr.) P. Kumm и P. pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél, которые были разделены на две группы по оптимуму температуры выращивания: 12…16°С – группа А и 19…24°С – группа В. В группах определены наиболее продуктивные штаммы: 2316 (А) с показателем биологической эффективности – 78,9 % и 431 (В) – 78,4 %. Проведена органолептическая оценка плодовых тел после пятиминутной термической обработки, в результате которой выделены штаммы 2301 и Z (А), имеющие насыщенную окраску и нежную текстуру плодовых тел. Плодовые тела штамма 2314 (В) отличались ярким грибным ароматом и приятным вкусом. Найдены коэффициенты потери грибного сырья на двух этапах первичной переработки: инспектирования и бланширования. Оказалось, что потери при очистке не превышают 10%, но имеют разные значения для сростков, собранных на стадии технической и биологической зрелости. Инспектирование сростков штамма 2314 (А) проходило с минимальными потерями (1–2 %). Бланширование зрелых плодовых тел не приводило к уменьшению массы сырья, тогда как при термической обработке грибов технической зрелости потери составляли от 3 до 7 %. Исследование биохимического состава плодовых тел на разных стадиях морфогенеза позволило выявить тенденцию снижения содержания сухих веществ, протеинов и увеличения количества зольных элементов в зрелых плодовых телах изученных штаммов.
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