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The Monte Carlo method is the most accurate method for simulation of radiation therapy equipment. The linear accelerators (linac) are currently the most widely used machines in radiation therapy centers. In this work, a Monte Carlo modeling of the Siemens ONCOR linear accelerator in 6 MV and 18 MV beams was performed. The results of simulation were validated by measurements in water by ionization chamber and extended dose range (EDR2) film in solid water. The linac's X-ray particular are so sensitive to the properties of primary electron beam. Square field size of 10 cm × 10 cm produced by the jaws was compared with ionization chamber and film measurements. Head simulation was performed with BEAMnrc and dose calculation with DOSXYZnrc for film measurements and 3ddose file produced by DOSXYZnrc analyzed used homemade MATLAB program. At 6 MV, the agreement between dose calculated by Monte Carlo modeling and direct measurement was obtained to the least restrictive of 1%, even in the build-up region. At 18 MV, the agreement was obtained 1%, except for in the build-up region. In the build-up region, the difference was 1% at 6 MV and 2% at 18 MV. The mean difference between measurements and Monte Carlo simulation is very small in both of ONCOR X-ray energy. The results are highly accurate and can be used for many applications such as patient dose calculation in treatment planning and in studies that model this linac with small field size like intensity-modulated radiation therapy technique.

The most prevalent type of soft tissue sarcoma is undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) or previously known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma. It accounts over 20% of all soft tissue sarcomas and occurs most frequently in the extremities, trunk, and retroperitoneum. However, it has been rarely observed in the digestive system. Pancreas sarcoma represents less than 1% of all pancreatic tumors, and primary UPS of the pancreas is even rarer. It exhibits high recurrence and poor prognosis. In this case, a 72-year-old woman with a UPS tumor which was located in the pancreas head and neck without adhesion to the retroperitoneum will be discussed.

The fed-batch process using glucose as the sole source of carbon and energy with exponential feeding rate was carried out for high cell density cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) expressing human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF). IPTG was used to induce the expression of hG-CSF at 48 g dry cell wt l(-1) during high cell density culture of recombinant E. coli BL21 (DE3) [pET23a-g-csf]. The final cell density, specific yield and overall productivity of hG-CSF were obtained as approximately 64 g dry cell wt l(-1), 223 mg hG-CSF g(-1) dry cell wt and 775 mg hG-CSF l(-1) h(-1), respectively. The resulting purification process used cell lysis, inclusion body (IB) preparation, refolding, DEAE and Butyl-Sepharose. Effects of different process conditions such as cell lysis and washing of IB were evaluated. The results reveal that the cells lyzed at 1,200 bar, 99.9% and Triton removed about 64% of the LPS but sarcosyl had no effect on removal of nucleic acids and LPS. Further analysis show that DEAE column removes DNA about 84%. Cupper concentration was identified as parameter that could have a significant impact on aggregation, as an unacceptable pharmaceutical form that decrease process yields. The purity of purified hG-CSF was more than 99%. Also the comparison of activity between purified hG-CSF and commercial form do not show valuable decrease in activity in purified form.

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