Background: The usage of electric vehicles is daily increasing. It is predicted that the penetration of electric vehicles in the electrical network will grow steadily during the next few years. This growth of penetration causes major challenges for power system users, especially the distribution network. Firstly, increasing load consumption, especially during peak hours, and secondly, increasing the cost of developing a network to provide load, along with the operation moved away from the optimum point, are the major challenges of the penetration of electric vehicles. The aim of this study is to propose a solution not only to resolve these challenges but also to make an opportunity to improve the network parameters. Methods: The charging and discharging strategy along with two price-based and voltage-based load management programs are proposed to manage the penetration of electric vehicles for economic and technical purposes. The proposed plan is implemented by GAMS and MATLAB software on the distribution network. Results: The test network used in this study is the 37 buses low voltage network. The voltage of this network is 400V and its power reference is 100kVA. The upstream nominal capacity is 800 kVA. The allowed voltage range is also 0.9 pu to 1.05 pu. The network loads are indoor and equipped with electric vehicle parking. Conclusions: The results showed that by properly managing the penetration of electric vehicles along with responsive loads, not only were the network parameters not compromised and the penetration of all the vehicles was managed without the need for network development, but also by applying the proposed strategy, the network parameters were improved.

Background: The usage of electric vehicles is daily increasing. It is predicted that the penetration of electric vehicles in the electrical network will grow steadily during the next few years. This growth of penetration causes major challenges for power system users, especially the distribution network. Firstly, increasing load consumption, especially during peak hours, and secondly, increasing the cost of developing a network to provide load, along with the operation moved away from the optimum point, are the major challenges of the penetration of electric vehicles. The aim of this study is to propose a solution not only to resolve these challenges but also to make an opportunity to improve the network parameters. Methods: The charging and discharging strategy along with two price-based and voltage-based load management programs are proposed to manage the penetration of electric vehicles for economic and technical purposes. The proposed plan is implemented by GAMS and MATLAB software on the distribution network. Results: The test network used in this study is the 37 buses low voltage network. The voltage of this network is 400V and its power reference is 100kVA. The upstream nominal capacity is 800 kVA. The allowed voltage range is also 0.9 pu to 1.05 pu. The network loads are indoor and equipped with electric vehicle parking. Conclusions: The results showed that by properly managing the penetration of electric vehicles along with responsive loads, not only were the network parameters not compromised and the penetration of all the vehicles was managed without the need for network development, but also by applying the proposed strategy, the network parameters were improved.

The micro-grid operator must provide the energy required by its customers at the lowest cost and consider issues such as greenhouse gas emissions and security. The operator is faced with a multi-objective optimization problem in which customer demand must be provided at the lowest cost and safely. This research provides a new energy management system for islanded micro-grids. The small size of the islanded micro-grids, the high level of intermittent operation and the low inertia of distributed generation of inverter energy production resources make the frequency and voltage security two vital factors in the energy management system, which must be managed alongside economic-environmental policies. In this study, two practical tools are provided to help with the optimal operation and increase the profitability of the micro-grid operator. The first tool is the optimal and managed use of the V2G mode of electric vehicles. In the proposed approach, not only the penetration of electric vehicles in the network is managed but also this equipment is used to solve some of the network's challenges. The second tool is responsive loads and demand response programs in order to achieve the goals of the micro-grid operator. Covering the uncertainty of renewable energy sources by responsive loads, and how to model a demand response program in a micro-grid, are followed in this study. The strategy pursued several goals, including reducing energy and load costs, reducing the cost of charging EVs, and improving network parameters and security, such as voltage and frequency. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.