Background:In diabetes mellitus because of the absence or insufficient sensitivity to insulin, glucose transporter protein in cell membrane, glucose transporter 4, is decreased. GLUT4 is the major glucose transporter in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, which is under control of insulin. It remains, however, unclear whether cinnamaldehyde plays a regulatory role(s) or not.Objectives:The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on GLUT4 gene expression.Materials and Methods:This study was an experimental trial. Tests were performed in triplicates. This study examined effects of cinnamaldehyde on Glut4 gene expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells by using Real Time PCR. C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in DMEM + 10 % FBS. After differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes, the cells were serum deprived for 5 hours and then treated with 10, 20, or 50 µM of cinnamaldehyde for 1 hour.Results:Our data revealed a significant increase in the expression of Glut4 in cinnamaldehyde treated cells. In addition, GLUT4 mRNA level was increased in a dose dependent manner. Analyses were performed using the SPSS 16 for Windows software. Differences between the groups were determined by one-way ANOVA.Conclusions:These results demonstrate that cinnamaldehyde up regulates the expression of mouse skeletal muscle GLUT4 gene expression.

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DNA sequencing is one of the great valuable techniques in molecular biology, which can be used to detect the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA fragment. The high-throughput sequencing known as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) revolutionized genomic research and molecular biology; therefore, the whole human genome can be sequenced with a low cost in several days. NGS technology is similar to the traditional method, Sanger, which detects small DNA fragments by emitted signals at the time of synthesis of each fragment (from the DNA template), but the difference is that NGS can determine the massive simultaneous sequencing in a few days with high accuracy and the results are directly detected without the need for electrophoresis. In fact, NGS technology combines a variety of steps such as sample preparation, fragmentation of the sample of the studied genome, attachment of adapter to the ends of the fragments, imaging, and data analyses. In recent years, NGS technology continuously expanded the range of applications in different fields by reducing costs, increasing rates, and improving the quality of the data. The current review provided the potential applications of the NGS technology by emphasizing the diagnosis of the genetic diseases, identification of several types of cancers, prenatal screening, epigenetic modifications, personalized medicine, and identification of pathogens.