Variable resistance to Rhinanthus is shown for the first time to be controlled by cellular-level resistance to haustoria by either cell fragmentation or lignification at the host/parasite interface.

The stoichiometry, stability and polymorphism of the perovskite-related solid solutions, Lio,-~REo,,+,TiO, : RE = La, Nd, has been studied. For both series, the data are presented in the form of a temperature vs. composition phase diagram. Unit cell data for the different polymorphs (three in the La system, four in the Nd system) are presented, together with data on the composition and thermal history dependence of the lattice parameters. The phase composition and microstructure of selected ceramic samples were analysed by electron microprobe techniques.

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Cancellous bone from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) has a reduced material density and appears to be undermineralized. It is hypothesized that this will result in a reduction in the mechanical stiffness and strength of the bone matrix. In this study, bone was obtained from superior and inferior sites, subjected to relatively high and low loads, respectively, from human femoral heads retrieved after surgery for osteoporotic hip fracture (OP), or for hip arthroplasty due to OA. Microindentation testing was used to measure the hardness of cancellous bone at various depths from the subchondral bone plate. The elemental composition from immediately adjacent microscopic sites was determined using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Overall, OA bone was found to have hardness values that were 7% lower than those from OP bone. Bone from the inferior site was harder than that from the superior in both diseases except in female OP patients. There was no variation with depth below the subchondral plate and no difference between sexes. No difference was found in the composition of the bone from the different disease groups and no correlation was found between hardness and any of the composition measurements. Though only an indirect measurement of stiffness, the reduction in hardness values supports the hypothesis that OA bone has a reduced elastic modulus.