The study assessed the determinants of income diversification strategies among smallholder wheat farmers in Jigawa State. Primary data were collected from 255 smallholder wheat farmers in the study area selected using multi stage sampling procedure. The collected data were analysed using Logit regression, Simpson Diversification Index (SDI) and two stage least square regression analyses. The result revealed that non-farm income and number of income sources had significant positive relationship with income diversification. The two stage least square estimation with respect to Herfindahl Diversification Index (HDI) showed that age and years of education had positive significant relationship. The two stage least square estimation with respect to number of income share revealed that the number of income sources, age, farm size, frequency of extension contacts and years of education had significant positive relationship with per capita income. The major constraints to wheat production were limited production inputs (seed), pest and disease, low output price, lack of credit and timely preparation. Similarly, the effect of income diversification with reference to off farm income share showed that off farm income share, age and years of education had positive significant relationship. The study concluded that off farm income share and number of income sources were the most important determinants of income diversification and the major challenge to wheat production were limited access to right inputs, pest and diseases and low output prices. Thus, the study recommended that improving performance of determinants of diversification and linking farmers to better production and output markets as well as enlightening the farmers about pests and diseases control measures will improve the wellbeing of the farmers.

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The study examined production and marketing of honey in Zuru LocalKeywords: Production, Marketing and non-timber forest products, Profitability. Contribution/ OriginalityThis study, the first of its kind in the study area has contributed immensely in providing insight into the profitability and worth-whileness of the venture by uplifting the living standard and overall socio-economic capabilities of the stakeholders.

This article is an attempt to highlight the role played by the family known as Fodiyo family and their contributions toward the study of Arabic syntax and morphology in West Africa with particular references to Sheikh Abdullahi bin Fodiyo and Sultan Muhammad Bello. The two personalities played crucial role in these two fields and wrote important books for the study of such discipline, this is what this paper is going to discuss. And it will outline the followings:- Biography of the two personalities; Effort of Sheikh Abdullahion the studies of syntax and morphology in West Africa; Effort of Sultan Muhammad Bello on the studies of syntax and morphology in west Africa; Conclusion.