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Objective: To share the experience of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-COVID-19 at a tertiary care hospital in Quetta, Baluchistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology, Combined Military Hospital Quetta, from Mar to Dec 2020. Methodology: This study included 14,741 study participants presenting to CMH Quetta with signs and symptoms of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) and others undergoing COVID-19 PCR for screening purpose. Nasopharyngeal swab collected from these study participants were tested for COVID-19 viral RNA by real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Results: Out of these 14,741 study participants, 1886 (12.7%) were found to be SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive. Among 1886 study participants, 1503 (80%) were males while 383 (20%) were females. Mean age of the study participants was 36 ± 14 years. Most frequent clinical presentations were body aches (96.5%), fever (94.1%), cough (66.8%) and loss of appetite (68.2%). Around 67 (3.5%) positive study participants were asymptomatic. Conclusion: In this study, we observed male predominance but severity of signs and symptoms among female study participants. SARS-COVID-19 caused disease with wide range of clinical spectrum and disease can be fatal as well.

Objective: To determine the reference Interval of liver function tests during uncomplicated pregnancy inpopulation of Rawalpindi and assess their correlation over first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemical Pathology & Endocrinology Armed Forces Institute ofPathology Rawalpindi from Feb 2017 to Jun 2018. Methodology: Seven hundred and fifty four pregnant women with uncomplicated, single intrauterine pregnancy were recruited from Rawalpindi. Thirteen patients with known history of Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, liver disease, renal disorders and those on anti-epileptics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids were excluded from the study. Blood sample was taken from each subject to analyze serum bilirubin, albumin, total alkaline phosphates and alanine aminotransferase on random access discrete auto analyser, ADVIA 1800 Chemistry system manufactured in Japan for Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. Data for serum bilirubin, albumin, ALP and ALT were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. As the reference data followed the Gaussian distribution, therefore the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were estimated by values approximately 2SD on each side of mean. Results: After analysis of serum samples of 754 subjects, the reference intervals for bilirubin, albumin, ALP andALT during first trimester were; bilirubin 3-9 µmol/l, albumin 31-45 g/L, ALP 122-224 U/l and ALT 3-35 U/l, while of second trimester were: bilirubin 2- 7µmol/l, albumin 28-45 g/L, ALP131-300U/l and ALT 1-33U/l. Conclusion: First and second trimester wise reference values of Liver Function Tests have been determined inpregnancy in this study. This would not only........

Abstract Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of Cannabinoids testing by LC-MS/MS in human hair and compare it with urine in civil heavy vehicle drivers. Materials and Methods: Current study was a diagnostic accuracy study done in “Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Rawalpindi, Pakistan” from February to November 2017. Urine and hair samples were collected by non-probability convenient sampling technique from 151 heavy vehicle drivers from Punjab. Hair and urine samples were collected from each subject. Separation of compounds was performed on Agilent Poroshell and analyzed using 6460 Triple Quadrapole LC-MS along-with software Mass hunter ©. Results: Study population (151 civil heavy vehicle drivers) was divided into three main divisions There were 69 (46%) truck drivers,43 (28.5%) twenty-wheeler drivers and 39 (26%) bus drivers. Mean age of study participants was 36±10.82 years. Paired t-test was applied to check mean difference between the two tests’ concentration (i.e urine and hair analysis for cannabis) which showed significant difference at p<0.001. Among the different factors of diagnostic accuracy in hair and urine specimens were: Sensitivity (96% and 62%), Specificity (93% and 95%) Positive Predictive Value (88% and 87%), Negative Predictive Value (97% and 82%) respectively. Overall diagnostic accuracy of Cannabinoids detection in hair was 94% while in urine it was 83%. ROC curve showed area under curve of 0.79 and 0.96 for urine and hair samples respectively. Continuous...