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Despite gains in academic participation, women still face gender disparity in salary among Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) fields. Although this finding is prevalent across the literature, most studies have been conducted within a single institution or field. Here, we determine the extent to which gender inequality in salaries exists across STEM faculty of a regental state system in the Midwestern United States. Salaries of STEM faculty across nine years were collected from the six state institutions within that regental system. Controlling for rank, year, and length of service, female STEM faculty earned significantly less than their male counterparts and these disparities were evident even within the first year of service. As percentage-based increases in salary will not remove the existing gender-based inequity among salaries, other system-wide policies are likely needed to address current levels of gender inequity.

We selected two isolated mammalian populations, the Black Hills northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)) and red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben, 1777)), to elucidate their genetic structure. We trapped both squirrels from 2005 to 2007, in three regions of the Black Hills, differing in geology and vegetation, to collect ear samples for genetic analyses. Microsatellite loci (northern flying (9) and red squirrel (13)) were used to examine genetic structure. Data analyses estimated genetic variability, substructure, and gene flow. Northern flying and red squirrel populations have allelic diversity and observed heterozygosity similar to other isolated populations. Each species shows weak substructure from STRUCTURE and GENELAND analyses, suggesting squirrel movements may be inhibited by topography or unsuitable habitat. Recent gene flow estimates from BAYESASS indicate that both species experience some within population gene flow and red squirrels may be more structured than northern flying squirrels because of lower migration rates. Concordant patterns of genetic structure in northern flying and red squirrels indicate that other species' movements in the Black Hills may be affected by topography and habitat. Because their habitat is isolated in the Black Hills, management practices and conservation measures are recommended to promote viability and survival of each species.Résumé : Nous avons sélectionné deux populations de mammifères isolées, soit du grand polatouche (Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)) et de l'écureuil roux (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben, 1777)) des Black Hills, afin d'élucider leur structure génétique. Nous avons piégé des spécimens des deux espèces de 2005 à 2007, dans trois régions des Black Hills de géologie et de végétation différentes afin de prélever des échantillons d'oreille aux fins d'analyses génétiques. Des sites de microsatellite (grand polatouche (9) et écureuil roux (13)) ont été utilisés pour étudier la structure génétique. L'analyse des données a permis d'estimer la variabilité, la sous-structure et le flux génétiques. Les populations de grands polatouches et d'écureuils roux présentent une diversité allélique et une hétérozygotie observée semblables à celles d'autres populations isolées. Des analyses à l'aide des logiciels STRUCTURE et GENELAND révèlent une faible sous-structure pour les deux espèces, ce qui suggère que les déplacements des écureuils pourraient être inhibés par le relief ou un habitat non convenable. Des estimations récentes du flux génétique à l'aide de BAYESASS indiquent que les deux espèces présentent un certain flux génétique à l'échelle de la population et que les écureuils roux pourraient être plus structurés que les grands polatouches en raison de vitesses de migration plus faibles. Des patrons de structure génétique concordants chez les grands polatouches et les écureuils roux indiquent que les déplacements d'autres espèces dans les Black Hills pourraient être influencés par le relief et l'habitat. Étant donné le caractère is...

serves as the Chair of the Science and Math Department as well as a Professor of Biology at Northern State University. Her research interests range from exploring gene expression in developing vertebrate embryos to examining equity in science and engineering fields. She received her PhD from University of South Dakota in biological sciences.