Instead of finding PINN around the sphenopalatine foramen, PINN can be located more easily posterior to the sphenopalatine artery where the inferior turbinate attaches to the lateral nasal wall without cauterizing the sphenopalatine artery.

The horizontal distance between the SVS and the sphenopalatine foramen plays a significant role in identifying the location of sphenoid sinus ostium. As with the other landmarks, the SVS provides an additional benefit in locating the sphenoid sinus ostium for endoscopic sinus surgeons. The incidence of 4 sphenopalatine foramen is 0.3%.

A AB BS S T TR RA AC CT T O Ob b j je ec c t ti i v ve e: : Cal ca ne us is the lar gest tar sal bo ne that sup ports ta lus and is fre qu ently in vol ved in frac tu res. The re la ti on bet we en ta lus and cal ca ne us is dis tor ted in so me disorders such as pes-equ i no va rus or pes-pla no val gus. A tho ro ugh know led ge of the ana to mi cal va ri a ti ons of an te ri or and midd le facets, sus ten ta cu lum ta li and the sul cus in bet we en them is es sen ti al in or der to ke ep the os te o tomy ex traar ti cu larly. The re fo re, in this study, we ai med to des cri be de ta i led morp ho metry of cal ca ne us. M Ma a t te e r ri i a al l a an nd d M Me et t h ho od ds s: : In this study, 80 cal ca ne i (40 right, 40 left) from the col lec ti on of Do kuz Ey lul Uni ver sity De part ment of Ana tomy we re used. The lengths of the bo nes were me a su red using ver ni er cali per which is sen si ti ve to 0.01 mm, and thick ness of the bo nes was me a su red using di gi tal ca li per with a sen si ti vity of 0.01 mm. In addition, me di al ang le of sus ten ta cu lum ta li was me a su red by Ima ge To ol on the di gi tal pho tog raphs ta ken from the up per sur fa ce of the cal ca ne us. R Re e s su ul lt ts s: : In 38.7% of the ca ses, a sul cus (an te ri or cal ca ne al gro o ve) was iden ti fi ed bet we en midd le and an te ri or fa cets. In 61.3%, the re was no sulcus bet we en the fa cets. In ca ses with a sul cus, a trans ver se li ne be gin ning from the midd le of sul cus towards the la te ral si de (os te o tomy li ne) was fo und to be ave ra ge 13.3 mm pos te ri or to the cal ca ne o cu bo id jo int on a-verage. Bet we en midd le and pos te ri or fa cets, fo ur dif fe rent morp ho lo gic types of pos te ri or calca ne al gro o ve we re iden ti fi ed. The ave ra ge depth of this gro o ve was 2.3 mm. It was ob ser ved that the groo ve was fun nel shaped in 40%, re ver se fun nel shaped in 3.9%, sand glass shaped in 35% and cylin dric in 21.3%. We de tec ted 2.8 fo ra mens on average in the pos te ri or cal ca ne al gro o ves and 47.5% of the se we re lo ca li zed at the 1/3 an te ri or re gi on. Me di al an gu la ti on of sus ten ta cu lum ta li was 115 deg re es on ave ra ge. C Co on nc c l lu u s si i o on n: : We be li e ve that the re sults of this study are im por tant for ort ho pe dic surgeons who perform ex tra ar ti cu lar os te o tomy at dis tal cal ca ne us or de a l with cal ca ne al frac tu res. K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Cal ca ne us; frac tu res, bo ne; bo ne leng the ning; ana tomy Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Kal ka ne us ta lusu des tek le yen ve kı rık la rı na sık lık la rast la nan en bü yük tar sal ke mik tir. Talus ve kal ka ne us ara sın da ki iliş ki pes-equ i no va rus ve pes-equ i no val gus gi bi ba zı pa to lo ji ler de bo zu la bilir. Kal ca ne us un ön ve or ta ek lem yüz le ri ara sın da an te ri or kal ka ne al olu ğun bu lun ma sı eks tra ar ti kü ler os te o to mi yi ger çek leş tir me de esas tır. Bu özel lik le ri ne de niy le, ça lış ma mız da kalkaneusun d...