The primary malignancy of liver, known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), comprises 9% of all hepatobiliary carcinomas. A steady rise has also been observed in adenocarcinoma (ADC) of the liver and ampullary carcinoma (AMC), ascending to 0.5% of gastrointestinal malignancies. Hepatobiliary carcinomas consist of 13% of all cancer occurrences worldwide. Purinergic receptor-based signaling holds the therapeutic potential based on its role in cell proliferation of several carcinomas. An altered ATP concentration in nanomoles may lead towards crucial changes in cancer growth patterns in liver tissue. A total of 40 tissue samples were collected (20 samples of HCC, 10 samples of ADC, and 10 samples of AMC) from patients that underwent surgery. P2X4 and P2X7 receptors exhibited significantly increased expression in HCC, ADC, and AMC samples as compared with the control tissue samples. While ADC and AMC samples showed higher expression of P2X4 and P2X7 than the control, statistically, HCC samples exhibited the most significant expression of both P2X4 and P2X7 receptors than control tissues. It may be inferred that higher expression of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors is significantly associated with the upregulated cellular stress leading to inflammation and it is plausible that both these receptors may be used in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools for carcinoma studies in the future.

ABSTRACT:OBJECTIVE: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent malignant neoplasm in south Asia and a major public health problem in Pakistan due to its high morbidity and poor survival rates. The objective of the study was to describe the clinical pattern of oral squamous cell carcinoma in tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. METHODOLOGY:A cross sectional study was done at tertiary care hospitals of Lahore where demographic and clinical data of eighty nine histologically diagnosed cases of OSCC was studied. RESULTS:Mean age of the patients was 53.13 ±14.82 years and male to female ratio was 1.4:1 with 58.4%males and 41.6% females. Tongue was the most frequently affected site 37.1%followed by buccal mucosa 30.3%. The most common presenting complaint was non healing ulcer 50.6%.Mean duration of lesions at presentation was 5 ± 3.68 months. 66.3% cases reported with history of smoking, chewing tobacco/snuff and betel quid. Smoking was the most prevalent etiological agent accounting for 22.5% cases and was found to be significantly higher in the male population (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Most cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in major hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan are reported in 5th to 6 th decade of life, with male preponderance. Ulceration is the most common clinical manifestation in OSCC patients with about two-third cases reporting within 6 months of onset of lesions. Tongue is the most commonly affected site and smoking tobacco and betel quid chewing are the main risk factors implicated in OSCC.

Introduction: Pregnancy is a condition usually associated with increased vaginal discharge including vaginal infections like bacterial vaginosis, leading to adverse perinatal outcomes due to disturbance in vaginal ecosystem that warrants further evaluation and timely management. Aims & Objectives: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and its contributing factors. Place and duration of study: Out Patient Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. Duration of the study was six months. Material & Methods: 120 pregnant females with age 20-40 years with singleton pregnancy of more than 12 weeks’ gestation were included. Women who were immunosuppressed and history of diabetes and hypertension and recent history of use of antibiotics were excluded. Vaginal swab specimen was taken & bacterial vaginosis was labelled after fulfilling Amsel criteria. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: In this study, 120 cases were taken and mean age of participants was 27.55±3.97 years. The mean duration of gestation was 18.76±6.14 weeks. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was seen in 24 (20%) of the cases. BV was seen in 19 (20.65%) cases with age 20-29 years’ vs 5 (17.86%) cases in age group 20-40 years with p= 1.0. Bacterial vaginosis was nearly significantly high in multiparous women where this was seen in 13 (27.65%) cases as compared to 11 (15.06%) cases in primiparous women with p= 0.11. Out of 20 cases of bacterial vaginosis, low education was seen in 12 (60%) of the cases. Conclusion: The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy at local setup is high and is seen nearly in 1 out of 5 cases. This demands health educational programs to enlighten women regarding screening and early detection & treatment to prevent complications during pregnancy.

A study was conducted to review the learning curve of gynecological laparoscopic surgery from January 2012 to December 2014. Total 310 cases were included in the study. These patients had pelvic surgery including hysterectomy either total laparoscopic hysterectomy or laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy and Adenexal surgery (cystectomy, oophorectomy or adhesionolysis). After preoperative evaluation counseling and consent procedures were performed. Data was collected regarding patients profile variables, indications for surgery, intraoperative findings, intraoperative time, post operative recovery findings, analgesia requirements and discharge time from the hospital. Regarding the intraoperative time, comparison was made for duration of surgery in the 2012 and at the end of study period 2014.

Aim: To outline various histopathological types of ovarian cysts received in our teaching hospital along with their prevalence and mode of presentation and to assess the proportion of physiologic versus pathological cysts and benign versus malignant ovarian cysts. Duration of study: From Jan 2019 to March 2021. Methods: Histopathology Department of Bakhtawar Amin Medical & Dental College & Hospital, Multan. A retrospective review of 122 ovarian lesions including physiological/functional cysts, pathological non neoplastic cysts as well as benign, borderline and malignant neoplasm. Histopathology reports of all ovarian specimens were reviewed and counted. Details like age, marital status, parity, presenting complaints, procedure opted, laterality, size, gross and microscopic details and final histological diagnosis etc were recorded. H&E stained slides of all cases were reviewed. In difficult suspicious cases, immunohistochemistry was also carried out. Percentage and proportions were calculated for all the variables. Relevant tables and charts were computed. Results: A total of 122 ovarian specimens with some lesion were segregated in histopathology department of Bakhtawar Amin Hospital from 117 patients with 5 patients having bilateral lesions. The mean age was 33.2 years (ranging from 13-71 years). Most ladies presented between 25-45 years of age. Out of these 117 patients, 18 ladies were unmarried. Out of the 99 married, 12 were nulliparous. Sixty four ladies (54.7%) found to have cysts/neoplasm in right sided ovary, forty eight (41%) presented with left sided ovarian involvement and 5 (4.3 %) presented with bilateral ovarian lesions. Conclusion: Non neoplastic ovarian cysts are more frequent as compared to neoplastic masses. Histopathological diagnosis is mandatory for final confirmatory diagnosis. Keywords: Ovarian lesions, reproductive cells, cyst