Laboratory and field tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of the beneficial nematodes and two biopesticides when used alone or in combination against the greasy cut worm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) in infested strawberry field as a new approach of integrated pest management (IPM). Under laboratory conditions, larvae and pupae of A. ipsilon were highly susceptible to the two nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsal (Sc) and Heterorahabditis bacteriophora (Hb) when used separately and the percentage mortality increase with increase the dose of nematodes. The concentration of 100 IJs was more effective than 25 IJs for both of the two species of nematodes used. The two biopesticides: spinosad and proclaim were more effective than nematodes when used separately, spinosad was more significant effective than proclaim. Mixing of nematodes and both spinosad and proclaim increased efficacy and significance of mixtures under the laboratory and field conditions , while the effects of nematodes and biopesticides when used alone or mixed in the laboratory was higher than in the field.

The present study was planned to investigate the histopathological effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor chlorfluazuron against the 4 th larval instar of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) under electron microscope level. Toxicity of chlorfluazuron was evaluated under three different temperatures. The sublethal concentrations LC 40 were 2.118, 39.76 and 1.207 ppm, at 20, 29 and 38 • C respectively. Toxicity of this compound increased at relatively high temperature. Ultrastructural studies were carried out on the integument of the prepupae treated as larvae with LC 40 of chlorfluazuron. The treated samples revealed that exuviae of the old cuticle were existed above the new formed integument, some densely-stained material was deposited in endocuticle, procuticle lamellae were disorganized and partially degenerated. Disappearance of moulting fluid. The hypodermis was destructed and detached from endocuticle. Mitochondria were swollen and fusion. Lysis of lysosomelike bodies.