COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has led to a pandemic situation worldwide. However, remarkable progress has been made in evolving policies, strengthening healthcare efforts, and pharmacotherapy. As more patients are recovering from COVID-19, clearer concepts about possible short- and long-term complications are emerging. Respiratory failure is the most common morbidity in hospitalised patients, and post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis is the most common respiratory complication after recovery. The authors report two cases of COVID-19 pneumonia with respiratory failure who were cured but developed pulmonary fibrosis with restrictive lung disease in the follow-up period.

Hemoptysis is an important and alarming symptom with various etiologies. A thorough evaluation should be done by the clinician to identify the underlying pathology and site of bleeding, so that the appropriate treatment can be planned. In our review article, we describe the various etiologies of hemoptysis and define the approach to hemoptysis for the clinician and the relevant investigations. We performed literature searches in PubMed for keywords “Hemoptysis and Approach and Diagnosis” using Medical Subject Heading terms. The etiology of hemoptysis may sometimes be missed by an incomplete initial diagnosis; hence, the diagnostic work up should be exhaustive. Optimal diagnostic workup remains largely unclear. Through our review, we have described the causes of hemoptysis, provided an essential diagnostic pathway according to the accuracy of the investigations, and tried to fill the gaps regarding the subject.