A verage parental age is increasing in most Western countries, refl ecting the changes in professional and social life. Literature shows that in England and Wales from 1993 to 2003, the rate of older paternal age (35 to 54 years) increased from 25% to 40% and the mean paternal age increased from 29.2 years to 32.1 years. 1 Advanced paternal age is associated with accumulated environmental insults over time and is strongly associated with reductions in fertility due to impaired spermatogenesis. It is well known that in males, germ-line mutations are high due to the increased frequency of cell division over the life course. 2

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