Global governance primarily focuses on the management and governance of global affairs that are beyond the ability of the state to solve through formal and informal interactions between local, national, regional, and international actors. The post-cold war era can be called the golden age of the process of global governance. This process has significantly broadened to include more diverse players, networks, institutions, regimes, and mechanisms that apply distributive or regulatory functions that have transnational effects. In parallel with this the global trade governance, which includes the group of bilateral, regional and multilateral international agreements, at times with the institutions that regulate the international rules concerned trade, has widened significantly in the 19th century and onward. The evolution of the WTO is corresponding to these essential changes in the order in global trade governance. Therefore, this article examines the effect of the process of global governance on the WTO and the evolving factors of change in the nature of this organization. According to the author's argument, growing role of the civil society organizations, the redistribution of power, opposition to free trade, the proliferation of preferential trade, differences in the views on goals and functions, have led to the fact that, the nature of the WTO has shifted from the cluster of developed countries to a global organization.

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected most of the world, adding health security as a new challenge. Instead of facing these challenges, some states move towards a system of competition and intolerance, which forms new patterns in the international order. This questions the impact of the pandemic on the strategic dynamics of the international order. This article argues that the global pandemic transforms the political system and the way of governing liberal democracy more than any other factor. It took the form of a variable, driver, and accelerator, and the established world order transformed into a new form of order. Using the descriptive-analytical method and the theories of international relations, the current study examined the impact of the pandemic on the strategic dynamics of the international order.

The subject of energy security in the international arena came to the platform with the increasing economic and globalization development in the framework that is called the 'untraditional security'. In today’s international relations, Energy security and security issues appear to be extremely intertwined. Hence, this paper aims to identify the significance of securitization of the energy relationship between Russia and EU countries by both sides and its influence on the Energy Security on the regional security complex between EU countries and Russia. The current study argues that, regardless of the magnitude of the energy relationship, which manifests itself in a high degree of interdependence between the two sides, their relationship saw dispute, because of a high level of securitization process initiated by both EU member states and Russia.

In June 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) surprised the international community by declaring the establishment of a self-proclaimed Islamic State in the territory of Iraq and Syria. There are several factors behind the rise of ISIS including; the political chaos in Iraq, which paved the way for ISIS to come up within the political struggle and conflict in the country. This is a clear indication that the Iraqi people need reconciliation and compromise more than any other time. The old sectarian tension between Sunnis and Shias in Iraq helped ISIS to capitalize anti-Shia rhetoric and sectarianize its war against Shia Militias in order to achieve the sympathy of the marginalized Sunni population. Meanwhile, some domestic, regional and international circumstances led to the fall of ISIS including lack of dependable allies, false claims and the threat of ISIS on Iraq and beyond pushed the international community to stand against the group. And they cooperated and collaborated with each other to form a coalition and this fact led to almost defeating ISIS in Iraq as a terrorist organization that held territory.   Received: 13 July 2022 / Accepted: 26 August 2022 / Published: 2 September 2022

Due to ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversities, there is potential for ethnic conflicts and ethnic tensions in community, but the emergence and occurrence of ethnic conflicts depend on the state's approach to managing or suppressing ethnic, linguistic, and cultural variations. Federalism is one of the most important mechanisms that governments adopt to manage ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversities. But the function of federalism in reducing ethnic conflicts is not necessarily positive, and in some cases, it has led to an escalation of ethnic conflicts. Accordingly, the central question is to examine whether federalism is a system to resolve or reduce ethnic conflicts? With an emphasis on ethnic conflicts in Iraq. The research hypothesis is that federalism, through the creation of bureaucratic structures, the development of political parties, the identification, and acceptance of cultural and linguistic commonalities, will restrict and reduce ethnic violence and conflict but not necessarily ethnic protest.   Received: 26 December 2021 / Accepted: 28 February 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022