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The fate of coliphage and human enteric viruses on turf grass was studied in order to elucidate the potential risk to public health when grass is irrigated with activated sludge treated sewage effluent. The survival of seeded coliphage MS-2, poliovirus type 1, and rotavirus SA-11 was studied outdoors during winter and summer. Virus inactivation rates were influenced by temperature as well as by type of virus. Coliphage, poliovirus, and rotavirus average inactivation rates (K = log inactivated/hr) were 0.17, 0.06 and 0.10 per hour, respectively, during the winter 1

In this study Out of 280 urinary tract infections samples, 212(75.7%) bacterial isolates were recovered. Based on, morphological, cultural and biochemical testes, further, confirmed the results by VITEK 2 System there were 54 (30.2%) of gram positive whereas the 158 (69.8%) of gram negative. The bacterial isolates were distributed as Escherichia coli followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis which represented 96(45.2%), 48 (22.6%), 43(20.3%), 14 (6.6%) and 11 (5.2%) respectively. The synthesis of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using biological methods as eco-friendly from the use of Aspergillus niger filtrate in the extracellular synthesis, then identified and characterized by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, determine the antibacterial efficacy of biological synthesized ZnO NPs against isolated pathogens microbes Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results found the used of 100 mL of ZnCL2 in cultivation of Aspergillus niger was obtained and biosynthesis of ZnO NPs at 46 mg. SEM was illustrate the morphology and practices of ZnO NPs sizes and appear as spherical in shape besides, the size range at 41-75 nm. The assurance by the UV-Vis spectrum appears the absorption bands of ZnO NPs at 380 nm. The results of 1.0 and 1.5 mg mL −1 from ZnO NPs synthesized from A. niger were effect of inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli bacterial isolated from urine tracts infection sources. The Inhibition Zone Diameters (IZD) against S. aureus was appear at 24 and 26 mm respectively compared with the IZD from Ciprofloxacin alone at 20 mm. while the same concentration from ZnO NPs against E. coli causing in IZD at 25 and 28 mm respectively compared with Ciprofloxacin inhibition alone at 23 mm.

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Rotaviruses cause waterborne disease outbreaks of gastroenteritis from sewage contaminated water, but methods have not been available to assess the potential for transmission of rotavirus by uncooked foods. A method was developed for recovery of rotavirus from the surface of vegetables. The simian rotavirus SA-11, used as a model for the human rotavirus, was adsorbed onto lettuce and the effects of various eluents tested for its recovery. The maximum recovery of rotavirus occurred with a solution of 3% beef extract at pH 8.0 after 5 min of exposure. Longer exposure times did not enhance virus recovery. Recovery of rotavirus and poliovirus type 1 (LSC) averaged 80 and 65%, respectively. Recovery of rotavirus from non-leafy vegetables was lower, averaging 44% for celery, carrot and radish. This method should prove useful for assessing the occurrence and survival of rotavirus on uncooked foods.