Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in Iraq but the strains responsible for the epidemic have been poorly characterized. Our aim was to characterize the TB strains circulating in Bagdad (Iraq). A total of 270 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains isolated between 2010 and 2011 from TB patients attending the Center of Chest and Respiratory diseases in Baghdad were analyzed by Spoligotyping. The analysis indicated that 94.1% of the isolates belong to known genotype clades: CAS 39.6%, ill-defined T clade 29.6%, Manu 7.4%, Haarlem 7%, Ural 4.1%, LAM 3.3%, X 0.7%, LAM7-TUR 0.7%, EAI 0.7%, S 0.7%, and unknown 5.9%. Comparison with the international multimarker database SITVIT2 showed that SIT 309 (CAS1-Delhi) and SIT1144 (T1) were the most common types. In addition, 44 strains were included in SITVIT2 database under 16 new Spoligotype International Types (SITs); of these, 6 SITs (SIT3346, SIT3497, SIT3708, SIT3790, SIT3791, and SIT3800) (n = 32 strains) were created within the present study and 10 were created after a match with an orphan in the database. By using 24-loci MIRU-VNTR-typing on a subset of 110 samples we found a high recent transmission index (RTI) of 33.6%. In conclusion, we present the first unifying framework for both epidemiology and evolutionary analysis of M. tuberculosis in Iraq.

The main conclusion of this study is that two workers were infected with cattle's strain which confirms the role of slaughtered cattle in the transmission of this dangerous, chronic, and zoonotic disease to man.

Our study conclude the presence of M. bovis isolates in milk in high percentage pause important source of tuberculosis infection for human being.

Multi drug resistant (MDR) and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBLs) of Pseudomonas aeruginosawere detected. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium responsible for severe infections in burn’s units,plasmid DNA analysis and encoded many types of genes responsible for beta-lactamases. To determine thetype of genes responsible for beta-lactam broad spectrum in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from 100 swabsof burn’s units environment, using a molecular methods (PCR) by primers specific to ESBLs (bla ) genesoxacillin hydrolyzing capabilities OXA-10, OXA-4 and Vietnam Extended-Spectrum β-Lactame VEB-1.The results revealed that 15 strains were isolated from burn units environment. All of 15 (100%) werepositive OXA-10 and only one (6.6%) for OXA-4 while the other gene VEB-1 was found in 6 (40%) isolates.تم

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