Background: According to international society of nephrology about 2 million people die with AKI every year. Elder patients and pediatrics have less immunity due to which concurrent administration of medication may damage the nephrons. Aim: To evaluate the effect of glucocorticoids on serum total protein level in control and experimental groups induced by nephrotoxic poison Concanavalin-A. Methodology: This experimental study was conducted at Agriculture University of Faisalabad-Pakistan following approval from ethical committee. Subject animals (n=12) were equally divided into 3 groups, 1st was control group, 2nd was treated group and 3rd was untreated group. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20. ANOVA ware applied with P-value< 0.05 Results: It was found that analysis of serum protein levels showed significant increase in total protein and globulin in Con-A induced toxic group as compare to control group. Conclusion: It was concluded that dexamethasone treated group showed significant reduction in total protein level and globulin level. Results of serum albumin level were non-significant. Most important of all is serum A/G ratio which showed significant results. Significant reduction in serum A/G ratio in dexa treated group in comparison to untreated group thus dexamethasone was nephro-protective. Keywords: Glucocorticoids, Serum Protein Markers and Concanavalin-A.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find out how common retinopathy is in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional research included 100 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes patients who attended the diabetic health center at Federal Govt. Polyclinic, postgraduate medical institute, Islamabad from 1st March 2022 to 31st July 2022. The research precluded those who had type-1 diabetes, high blood pressure, retinal artery obstruction, retinal venous obstruction, renal glomerulonephritis, or hemoglobinopathies retinopathy. Following pupillary dilation with Mydriacyl, a comprehensive fundoscopic examination had been performed, and retinopathy was classified as Mild to Moderate non proliferative (mild to moderate NPDR), severe non proliferative (severe NPDR), or proliferative (PDR). Results: The respondents' average age had been 47 years, with 65% men and 35% women. At the onset of the disease, 9% of patients had been diagnosed to have retinopathy. The demographic and clinical characteristics of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients are shown in Table. In the univariate analysis, there was a statistically significant difference between the characteristics of patients who had retinopathy compared to those who did not have it. Patients with retinopathy were older in age, had a higher prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption, and had much higher levels of fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, BMI and serum creatinine, compared to patients with no retinopathy (Table). The prevalence of retinopathy was much higher in the categories of patients with higher levels of HbA1c and BMI, compared to those with lower levels. Practical implication: The prevalence of retinopathy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was found to be relatively high in this study. This underlines the importance of detailed ophthalmic examination of all patients at the time of diagnosis Conclusion: The said research reveals a greater incidence of retinopathy in recently diagnosed people with type 2 diabetes. This highlights the significance of performing a thorough ophthalmic examination on all diabetic individuals at the time of assessment. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus. , Retinopathy, And Retinal Hemorrhages, Fundoscopic, Prevalent,

No abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a non motile, non spore- forming gram positive bacterium that causes a wide range of infections such as endocardatis, skin infections, bacteraemia, sepsis and food poisoning. The objective of this study is to evaluate the pattern of drug resistance of staphylococcus aureus in different type of samples that were taken from different wards (emergency and OPD) of the hospital. In this study we analyzed 40 isolates were obtained on blood agar and tryptic soy agar. Identification of the isolates was carried out by catalase test as well as methicillin resistance. Confirmed staphylococcus aureus isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. In our study the isolates from patients, particularly are frequently resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents more than 90% of staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistance to cefalothin, erythromycin and 80% are resistance to vancomycin. Our findings showed that MRSA isolates were coming from the community as indicated by hospital ward types, that even with no prolonged hospital stays the patients coming from the community were carrying MRSA strains.