BackgroundIndonesia is home to a variety of malaria vectors whose specific bionomic traits remain largely uncharacterized. Species-specific behaviours, such as host feeding preferences, impact the dynamics of malaria transmission and the effectiveness of vector control interventions.MethodsTo examine species-specific host attraction and feeding behaviours, a Latin square design was used to compare Anopheles mosquitoes attracted to human, cow, and goat-baited tents. Anopheles mosquitoes were collected hourly from the inside walls of each baited tent. Species were morphologically and then molecularly identified using rDNA ITS2 sequences. The head and thorax of individual specimens were analysed for Plasmodium DNA using PCR. Bloodmeals were identified using a multiplex PCR.ResultsA total of 1024, 137, and 74 Anopheles were collected over 12 nights in cow, goat, and human-baited tents, respectively. The species were identified as Anopheles kochi, Anopheles farauti s.s., Anopheles hackeri, Anopheles hinesorum, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles punctulatus, Anopheles tessellatus, Anopheles vagus, and Anopheles vanus, many of which are known to transmit human malaria. Molecular analysis of blood meals revealed a high level of feeding on multiple host species in a single night. Anopheles kochi, An. indefinitus, and An. vanus were infected with Plasmodium vivax at rates comparable to primary malaria vectors.ConclusionsThe species distributions of Anopheles mosquitoes attracted to human, goat, and cow hosts were similar. Eight of nine sporozoite positive samples were captured with animal-baited traps, indicating that even predominantly zoophilic mosquitoes may be contributing to malaria transmission. Multiple host feeding and flexibility in blood feeding behaviour have important implications for malaria transmission, malaria control, and the effectiveness of intervention and monitoring methods, particularly those that target human-feeding vectors.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1950-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BackgroundMembers of the Anopheles punctulatus group dominate Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea (PNG), with a geographic range that extends south through Vanuatu. An. farauti and An. punctulatus are the presumed major vectors in this region. Although this group of species has been extensively studied in PNG and the southern archipelagoes within their range, their distribution, ecology and vector behaviours have not been well characterized in eastern Indonesia.MethodsMosquitoes were collected in five villages in Jayapura province, Papua, Indonesia using human-landing collections, animal-baited tents and backpack aspirators. Mosquitoes were morphologically typed and then molecularly distinguished based on ribosomal ITS2 sequences and tested for Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infection using circumsporozoite ELISA and PCR.ResultsThe presence and vector status of An. farauti4 in Papua, Indonesia is confirmed here for the first time. The data indicate that this species is entering houses at a rate that increases its potential to come into contact with humans and act as a major malaria vector. An. farauti 4 was also abundant outdoors and biting humans during early evening hours. Other species collected in this area include An. farauti 1, An. hinesorum, An. koliensis, An. punctulatus, and An. tessellatus. Proboscis morphology was highly variable within each species, lending support to the notion that this characteristic is not a reliable indicator to distinguish species within the An. punctulatus group.ConclusionsThe vector composition in Papua, Indonesia is consistent with certain northern areas of PNG, but the behaviours of anophelines sampled in this region, such as early and indoor human biting of An. farauti 4, may enable them to act as major vectors of malaria. Presumed major vectors An. farauti and An. punctulatus were not abundant among these samples. Morphological identification of anophelines in this sample was often inaccurate, highlighting the importance of using molecular analysis in conjunction with morphological investigations to update keys and training tools.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1234-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Telah dilakukan kegiatan pengabdian Program Kemitraan Masyarakat pada UMKM Srikandi yang beralamat di Desa Puuhopa, Kecamatan Puriala, Kabupaten Konawe Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, sekitar 102 Km dari Kampus Hijau Bumi Tridharma, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara.  UMKM ini memproduksi Kopi Belut yang sudah dikenal di Sulawesi Tenggara. UMKM ini mengalami masalah kontinuitas produksi terkait penggunaan bahan baku belut sawah hasil tangkapan yang tergantung musim. Solusi telah dilakukan dengan upaya budidaya belut sawah pada 48 kolam beton yang dikelola sendiri, namun kendalanya adalah pakan berupa keong mas, cacing tanah dan bekicot yang juga bersifat musiman, dan bahan lumpur untuk media belut sawah yang belum cukup. Kegiatan PKM mengintroduksikan dua jenis pakan belut sawah yang dibudidakan untuk menjamin kontinuitasnya yakni maggot Black Soldier Flies (BSF), dan cacing tanah Lumbricus rubellus. Kegiatan meliputi pelatihan mitra, penyediaan rumah BSF dan media budidaya cacing tanah, praktek budidaya BSF dan cacing tanah, penyerahan peralatan, serta pendampingan selama berlangsungnya kegiatan budidaya. Evaluasi keberhasilan kegiatan, menggunakan dua pendekatan yakni proses dan hasil. Dari aspek proses, mitra yang hadir saat pelatihan, termasuk Kepala Desa Puuhopa, menunjukkan antusiasme, keingintahuan yang besar dan respon yang sangat positif. Dari aspek hasil, setelah pemberian materi, 100% peserta pelatihan mengetahui beberapa aspek sederhana dari BSF dan budidayanya.  Disimpulkan, kegiatan PKM yang menghasilkan sinergi antara kampus dan UMKM Srikandi, berdampak positif bagi kedua pihak, dan mampu menyelesaikan masalah yang ada pada UMKM Srikandi.