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Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of end-stage renal disease in the general population. It is estimated that DN will eventually develop in about 40% of all patients with diabetes; therefore, the prevention is critical for delaying the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Despite extensive efforts, medical advances are still not successful enough to prevent the progression of the disease. In the present study, we focused on the comparison of combination therapies and whether they offered additional renoprotection. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneally administering streptozotocin (STZ) (90 mg/kg) in neonatal rats, and then, these rats were treated with diltiazem (15.0 mg/kg) in combination with glimepiride (0.5 mg/kg) or with pioglitazone (2.5 mg/kg) in combination with glimepiride (0.5 mg/kg). DN markers were evaluated by biochemical and ELISA kits and renal structural changes were examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results show that the combination of diltiazem with glimepiride is more effective in amelioration of DN than pioglitazone with glimepiride drug therapy due to glycemic control, suppressing albumin excretion rate, total protein excretion rate, and augmented tumor necrosis factor-a signaling during the development of STZ-induced type 2 DN.

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020, after the outbreak that was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic affected world economy including the pharmaceutical sector. The health crisis unleashed in the world because of this pandemic and the attempts of various countries and organizations in the world to contain it have also fuelled the greatest economic crisis in modern history. This study aims to access, analyze, and highlight opportunities and problems of the Indian pharmaceutical sector in the broader national health-care industry during the COVID-19 particularly for contract manufacturing The recent changes in the field, at the institutional and corporate levels, have placed India in the spotlight of the global pharmaceutical market, but several threats and weaknesses could limit this expansion. Descriptive and inferential analyses have been based on questionnaire, data extracted from authenticated data sources. Subsequently, a narrative strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis was performed based on the results of prior investigations and on qualitative data that were retrieved from a marketing intelligence examination to generate an overall scenario analysis. Indian pharmaceutical companies have faced several challenges on various fronts. In the home market, drug prices are controlled by the drug price control order; therefore, there is strong pressure on revenues and subsequently on costs. In the international market, threats derived from pharmaceutical multinational companies are emerging as tough obstacles to overcome. This study provides a global overview of the potential growth and development of the Indian pharmaceutical sector, comparing it with internal trends and external competition. The most relevant contribution of the research relies on the shift to innovative production that Indian companies must adopt (after years of focusing only on generic drugs), and in this vein, appropriate industrial marketing solutions are indispensable.