The multiple input multiple output (MIMO) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has emerged as a promising solution to enhance the channel capacity and diversity of wireless communication system without any increase in bandwidth. In this paper, a parallel combinational scheme is proposed to reduce peakto-average power ratio (PAPR) in MIMO-OFDM system under Rayleigh fading environment. The proposed method intelligently incorporates both active gradient project and partial transmit sequence schemes. The results show that the proposed method not only reduces the PAPR and computational complexity of the system but also maintains the bit error rate compared to other schemes.Keywords Approximate gradient projection (AGP) Á Partial transmit sequence (PTS) Á Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) Á Space time block coding (STBC) Á Bit error rate (BER)

Introduction: Intertrochanteric (IT) femur fractures comprise approximately half of all hip fractures. These fragility hip fractures occur in a characteristic population with risk factors including increasing age, female gender, osteoporosis, a history of falls, and gait abnormalities. Although the effects of PFN and DHS in treatment of intertrochanteric fractures have been reported, the results and conclusions are not consistent. Materials and Methods: This Comparative Prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care institute ELMCH for a period of 18 months from January 2017 to June 2018. Every case with intertrochanteric fracture was treated randomly (computer generated number table) either by Dynamic hip screw(DHS) or Proximal femoral nail(PFN). A total of 80 cases were included. The patients were further divided into two groups, each of 40 cases, 40 were treated by Dynamic Hip Screw & 40 were treated with proximal femoral nail (P.F.N). All patients were followed up for nine months. Results: In our study the mean age in the PFN group was 62.5 while in the DHS group it was 64 years. In present study the intergroup comparison of Harris Hip score between PFN and DHS group revealed that post operatively after 1 month the Harris hip score in PFN group had mean value 32.95±2.65, while the HH score in DHS group had mean 22.30±0.65. Post operatively after 3 month the Harris hip score in PFN group had mean value 57.33±2.10, while the HH score in DHS group had mean 51.90±0.96. Post operatively after 6 month the Harris hip score in PFN group had mean value 83.50±0.96, while the HH score in DHS group had mean 73.73±3.30. Conclusion: Therefore, the study showed that PFN is better method of fixation in intertrochanteric fracture of femur.

Background: Results of conservatively managed mid-shaft clavicle fractures are not as good as previously thought. This has lead to increasing interest in primary fixation of these fractures. There are two main techniques of internal fixation, namely, plate fixation and intra-medullary nail fixation. We have evaluated pre-contoured locking compression plates and titanium elastic nails for fixation of midshaft clavicle fractures and compared their results Material and Methods: Between July 1 st 2015 and June 30 th 2017 42 cases of unilateral displaced midshaft clavicular fracture were studied. 23 were managed by open reduction internal fixation with precontoured locking compression plates and 19 were managed by closed or open reduction and internal fixation by Titanium Elastic nails. Patients were followed up monthly for 4 months and at 6 months and 9 months. Final results were computed at end of 6 months. Functional outcome was compared using Constant Score. Other complications like non-union, delayed union, infection, implant failure, hardware prominence, refracture and wound dehiscence were also studied. Results: There was significant difference in constant score of two group with plating group performing better. Nail impingement was major concern after intra-medullary nailing. Union time was slightly better in nailing group. Conclusion: Pre-contoured locking compression plates gave better functional outcome and were associated with complications in fewer cases as compared to titanium elastic nails when used for surgical fixation of displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures.

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Abstract-In digital communication systems, multipath propagation induces Inter Symbol Interference (ISI).To reduce the effect of ISI different channel equalization algorithms are used. Complex equalization algorithms allow for achieving the best performance but they do not meet the requirements for implementation of real-time detection at low complexity, thus limiting their application. In this paper, we present different blind and non-blind equalization structures based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and, also, we analyze their complexity versus performance. The simulated network is based on multilayer feedforward perceptron ANN, which is trained by utilizing the error back-propagation algorithm. The weights of the network are updated in accordance with training of the network to improve the convergence speed. Simulation results demonstrate that the implementation of equalizers using ANN provides an upper hand over the performance and computational complexity with respect to conventional methods.