: Diabetic Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that has attracted worldwide concern. DM is caused due to lack of insulin or ineffective production of insulin in the pancreas. A total of 463 million people have diabetes mellitus in 2019 and it was predictedto raise upto 578 million by 2030 and 700 million by 2045. High blood sugar gives rise to many complications like diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, atherosclerosis, hypercoagulability, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, foot damage, skin complications, Alzheimer’s disease, hearing impairment, and depression. These life-threatening complications make diabetes more severe than other diseases. Many synthetic drugs are developed, but still cure is not provided by any of the molecules up to this date. Continuous use of some synthetic agents caused many severe side effects, and thus the demands for non-toxic, affordable drugs are still awaited. Traditional treatments have been an extremely valued source of medicine all over the human history. These are extensively used throughout the world indicating that herbs are a growing part of modern and high-tech medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed a total of 21,000 plants, which are used for medicinal purposes around the world, among them more than 400 plants are available for the treatment of diabetes. Despite the fact that there are many herbal drugs are available for treating diabetes, only a small number of these plants have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Caesalpinia bonduc, Ferrulaassafoetida, etc., are some of the medicinal plants used for antidiabetic therapy. The presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids and coumarins are responsible for the antidiabetic nature of the medicinal plants. These constituents have shown a reduction in blood glucose levels. Picnogenol, acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose are some of the examples of marketed drugs, which are obtained from the natural origin and used as antidiabetic drugs. The active principles derived from the plants work through many antidiabetic mechanisms, which include inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activities. One of the major advantages of herbal drugs is the low level of side effects attributed to these medicines, and this attracted the various researchers to develop new molecules for treatment of diabetes. In this review, emphasis will be given on the recent advances in the field of herbal drugs to treat diabetes, to prevent the secondary complications arising due to diabetes, and various herbal molecules in different stages of clinical trials.

Background: The nucleus is a complex cellular organelle and accurately defining its protein content is essential before any systematic characterization can be considered.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly prevalent chronic disease. Recently, many biological targets are discovered for treatment of this disease. The identification of the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) and their subtypes alpha, gamma and delta or beta as targets for controlling lipid, glucose and energy homeostasis has proved to be exciting. As hyperlipidaemia, obesity and insulin resistance are independent risk factors for coronary heart disease and macrovascular complications of diabetes; new agents that increase insulin sensitivity as well as decrease hyperlipidaemia by distinct yet complementary mechanism are being studied as they may provide improved therapy for T2DM and related disorders. In this article, we review highly potent PPARgamma agonists, PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists, PPAR pan agonists, alternative PPAR ligands like partial agonists or selective PPAR modulators (SPPARMs) and antagonists from a chemist point of view.

The present review describes the importance of thiazole nucleus and its derivatives as antidiabetic agents with an emphasis on the past as well as recent developments.