Aim: To find out the prevalence of various commonly occurring lip anomalies like lip fissures, angular chielitis, lip pits and allergic cheilitis in patients visiting out-patient clinic in central Punjab. Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted at the diagnostics department of Nishter institute of dentistry, Multan from Feb,2022 to December,2022 for a period of 11 months to determine the relative frequency of various lip anomalies in adult population of central Punjab. Six hundred patients were examined with an age range of 25-35 years in a quite comfortable environment using dental mirror, natural light and surgical gauze. The result was analyzed by using chi-square test in SPSS. Results: The prevalence of lip anomalies in 600 patients was 24.3% among male and female patients. These lesions were more prevalent in patients of 25 to 30 years of age (55.47%) compared to 30-35 years of age (44.52%). Among lip lesions, lip fissures were seen in 7.4% cases, lip pits were 2.6%, allergic chielitis was seen 1.8% and patients with angular chielitis were 12.4%. All lesions showed almost equal distribution among male and female patients seen during the study. Practical Implication: Our study was done in central Punjab region. It highlighted the commonly occurring lesions of lip which could affect the aesthetics of the people as well as has important psychological impact on their daily life. Our study showed the prevalence of lesions and also motivated the people to seek possible treatment of the lesions. It helped a lot to educate affected community and encouraged them to improve their conditions. Conclusion: The results of the study are in accordance with some previous studies although they contradict to some other studies as well. This study has also shown that the lip anomalies are slightly more in females as compared to the males although the statistical difference is not significant. Moreover, the age is not related to the lip anomalies. Keywords: Lip anomalies, Lip fissures, angular chielitis, allergic chielitis, lip pits.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that cause high morbidity & mortality. Aim: To compare levels of serum chromogranin-A among different groups of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients based on urinary Albumin-Creatinine Ratio. Study design: Cross sectional comparative. Methodology: Present study was conducted at Chemical Pathology Department of General Hospital-Lahore. Patients (n=116) were enrolled through probability convenient sampling. Urine samples were centrifuged to obtain clear supernatant. In this separated supernatant urinary albumin and creatinine was measured. Blood samples were segregated according to the study groups (A, B, C and D). Serum was separated for analysis of serum creatinine and serum chromogranin A by ELIZA method. Data was evaluated by using SPSS v.24. ANOVA was used to compare mean levels of urinary ACR AND serum CgA among the groups with P-value of 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The results showed that serum Chromogranin-A level was high in diabetic patients with normal ACR and kept on rising with increasing ACR. Data of age was normally distributed whereas, the distribution of albumin creatinine ratio and serum chromogranin-A was not normal. Conclusion: It was concluded that serum Chromogranin A can be used as early marker for the diagnosis of diabetic nephro-pathy thus can help in better management of nephropathy due to diabetes. Keywords: Diabetic Nephropathy, Albumin-Creatinine Ratio, Serum Chromogranin-A and Type-2 Diabetes.

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Purpose: To report a single-institution experience of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and RapidArc treatment plans for the patients treated with low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the salivary gland while sparing the organs at risk (OARs) within tolerance limits. Material and Methods: Twenty-five patients with MEC were selected to develop and analyse the treatment plans using both of the techniques. Dose distributions were calculated using Eclipse treatment planning system (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). Plans were generated to deliver the dose of 6000 cGy in 30 fractions. For IMRT, seven angle plans were used and for RapidArc, two half arcs were used with the same 6 MV photon beam. Quality of treatment plans was evaluated by using parameters such as, coverage, conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), gradient index (GI), unified dosimetry index (UDI), dose volume histogram, delivery time and OARs sparing for IMRT and RapidArc plans. Results: The analysis revealed that IMRT and RapidArc coverages are 0·90 and 0·94, respectively; CIs are 1·15 and 1·10, respectively; HIs are 1·12 and 1·07, respectively; GIs are 0·94 and 0·98, respectively. Average UDI values for RapidArc and IMRT are 1·09 and 1·11, respectively. Integral dose comparison shows better OAR sparing for RapidArc. RapidArc plans have the shorter beam on time (45%) in comparison with IMRT plans. Conclusion: Planning constraints were achieved in both techniques. However, RapidArc showed better quality treatment plan, OARs sparing and shorter delivery time as compared to IMRT.