Schmitt trigger (ST) circuits are widely used integrated circuit (IC) blocks with hysteretic input/output (I/O) characteristics. Like the I/O characteristics of a living neuron, STs reject noise and provide stability to systems that they are deployed in. Indeed, single-input/single-output (SISO) STs are likely candidates to be the core unit element in artificial neural networks (ANNs) due not only to their similar I/O characteristics but also to their low power consumption and small silicon footprints. This paper presents an accurate and detailed analysis and design of six widely used complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) SISO ST circuits. The hysteresis characteristics of these ST circuits were derived for hand calculations and compared to original design equations and simulation results. Simulations were carried out in a well-established, 0.35 μm/3.3 V, analog/mixed-signal CMOS process. Additionally, simulations were performed using a wide range of supplies and process variations, but only 3.3 V supply results are presented. Most of the new design equations provide better accuracy and insights, as broad assumptions of original derivations were avoided.

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INTRODUCTIONTermination of pregnancy is defined as Termination of pregnancy is defined as elective expulsion or extraction of products of conception from uterus instead of spontaneous onset of process in patients with gestational age 13-24 weeks. The commonest indications for a second trimester abortion termination are missed abortion and congenitally malformed fetus.1 For some women, second trimester TOP is unavoidable. 2 While second trimester TOP accounts for 10-15% of termination worldwide, it accounts for two-thirds of all major termination related complications. 3,4 Second trimester termination of pregnancy represents about 3.5% of labor and admission in Women′s Health Hospital, Assiut University. Existing guidelines for different methods of termination exists (ACOG, RCOG, ABSTRACTBackground: Termination of pregnancy in second trimester is one of the greatest challenges in modern obstetrics practice and is more risky than during first trimester. Now the main concern of the obstetrician is to provide the most effective, safest, and cost-effective regimen with least or no complications. Describe the different indications, technique and complications of different methods of TOP used at Women's Health Hospital, Assiut University. Identify gap between current practice and guidelines and setting recommendations for filling gap to improve outcome Methods: Studying the different methods used for all cases with gestational age 13-24 weeks attending at Women′s Health Hospital, Assiut University from the 1 st July 2015 to the 1 st June 2016, for second trimester termination of pregnancy who are eligible for termination of pregnancy, with exclusion criteria including any case with scared uterus, multiple pregnancy and rupture of membranes.

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