Os extratos de alcalóides de Lupinus spp., obtidos por métodos convencionais (maceração/ sonicação -extração em fase sólida; maceração/sonicação -extração líquido-líquido) e por SFE (extração com fluido supercrítico) usando CO 2 e CO 2 modificado (CO 2 /MeOH, CO 2 /EtOH, CO 2 / i PrOH e CO 2 /H 2 O) foram analisados por CGAR-DIC (cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução com detector de ionização de chama) e CGAR-EM (cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução acoplada à espectrometria de massas). As análises quantitativas por CGAR-DIC foram feitas pelo método do padrão interno, para a quantificação de lupanina, multiflorina e um alcalóide derivado da esparteína. CGAR-EM permitiu a identificação dos constituintes químicos (alcalóides e outras substâncias) destes extratos.The alkaloid extracts from Lupinus spp., obtained by conventional methods (maceration/sonication -solid phase extraction; maceration/sonication -liquid-liquid extraction) and SFE (supercritical fluid extraction) using CO 2 and modified CO 2 (CO 2 /MeOH, CO 2 /EtOH, CO 2 / i PrOH and CO 2 / H 2 O) were analysed by HRGC-FID (high resolution gas chromatography -flame ionization detector) and HRGC-MS (high resolution gas chromatography -mass spectrometry). The HRGC-FID quantitative analyses were performed with an internal standard method for quantification of lupanine, multiflorine and a spartein-like alkaloid. HRGC-MS allowed identification of the chemical constituents (alkaloids and other compounds) from these extracts.
Alguns triterpenos quinonametídicos são conhecidos pela sua citotoxicidade, havendo relatos destas substâncias em várias espécies do gênero Maytenus (Celastraceae), inclusive em Maytenus aquifolium Martius, uma das espécies conhecidas no Brasil como "espinheira santa". Com o objetivo de dispor de um método analítico útil na avaliação da qualidade de medicamentos fitoterápicos de "espinheira santa", foi desenvolvido um procedimento de análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector ultravioleta (CLAE-UV). Foi realizada a quantificação dos triterpenos quinonametídicos maitenina e pristimerina, nos extratos hidroalcoólico e aquoso ("chá") das folhas e das cascas das raízes de M. aquifolium. As análises por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas (LC-MS) usando a interface de ionização química à pressão atmosférica (APCI), confirmaram a presença de maitenina e pristimerina nos extratos hidroalcoólicos de M. aquifolium, enquanto que nos extratos aquosos estes triterpenos estão abaixo do limite de detecção.Some quinonemethide triterpenes are known for their cytotoxicity, and the presence of these compounds has been reported in several Maytenus (Celastraceae) species, including Maytenus aquifolium Martius, one of the species known in Brazil as "espinheira santa". A quantitative HPLC-UV procedure was therefore developed with the purpose of devising a useful analytical method for evaluating the quality of "espinheira santa"-based phytomedicines. Quinonemethide triterpenes pristimerin and maitenin were quantified in hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts ("teas") prepared from the leaves and root bark of M. aquifolium. Analyses by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), using the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface, provided unequivocal confirmation of the presence of maitenin and pristimerin in M. aquifolium hydroalcoholic extracts, although these compounds were below detection limits in aqueous extracts. Keywords: Maytenus aquifolium Martius, Celastraceae, quinonemethide triterpenes, HPLC-UV, LC-MS IntroductionMaytenus aquifolium Martius and M. ilicifolia Martius (Celastraceae) are both known in Brazil as "espinheira santa", and systematic studies are focusing on their use as phytomedicines for the treatment of gastric ulcers and gastritis.1-3 Reports on studies of Maytenus aquifolium include pharmacology, 4 phytochemistry of flavonoids 5 and sesquiterpene 6 pyridine alkaloids biosynthesis studies 7 and authentication of phytomedicines (leaf samples) by chromatographic analysis (GC, 8 HPTLC 9 ). Use of any medicinal plant as a phytomedicine requires the prior evaluation of its efficacy and safety. Toxicological essays of Maytenus aquifolium leaf extracts spray-dried with 70% ethanol have indicated no significant toxicity in mice. 2 However, reports in the literature on quinonemethide triterpenes (displaying cytotoxic activity and therefore containing potentially toxic compounds) in Maytenus samples suggest that "espinheira santa"-based phyt...
The quantitative analysis of the pentacyclic triterpenes friedelan‐3‐β‐ol and friedelin by high‐temperature capillary gas chromatography (HT‐CGC) and high‐resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) is described. These compounds are markers of Maytenus aquifolium and M. ilicifolium (Celastraceae), plants which show anti‐ulcer activity and which are used medicinally in Brazil under the name “espinheira santa”. HT‐CGC was more efficient than conventional HRGC for the quantitative evaluation of triterpenes in the hexane extracts of leaves of M. aquifolium owing to the reduced retention times attainable without loss of resolution. The flame ionisation detector response and detection limits for both triterpenes using HRGC and HT‐CGC were also established. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
O Laboratório de Cromatografia do IQSC-USP tem desenvolvido pesquisas em conjunto com outros grupos de pesquisa do Brasil e da América Latina, visando a futura implantação da SFE (extração com fluido supercrítico) nestes laboratórios. No presente trabalho, apresenta-se alguns dos resultados obtidos na cooperação com pesquisadores do Chile e da Venezuela, direcionados para a SFE de substâncias de potencial interesse econômico, princípios ativos ou substâncias tóxicas: triglicerídeos, ácidos graxos, flavonóides, alcalóides, etc. Foram estudadas plantas nativas do Chile e da Venezuela, algumas delas nunca estudadas por métodos fitoquímicos convencionais e pertencentes a várias famílias vegetais: Leguminosae, Chrysobalanaceae, Annonnaceae, etc. O uso da SFE em conjunto com CGAR-EM (cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução - espectrometria de massas) ou CLAE-DAD (cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector" photodiodearray") permitiu a identificação de algumas substâncias presentes em baixa concentração, a partir de pequenas quantidades de material vegetal; estes dados são de grande importância para a caracterização química das espécies estudadas.
Further applications of "home made" SFE systems. II. South American plants. The Laboratório de Cromatografia, IQSC-USP, has been developing joint research projects with other research groups from Brazil and Latin America, aiming a future implementation of SFE (supercritical fluid extraction) in these laboratories. In the present work, some of the results obtained in the cooperation with researchers from Chile and Venezuela, focused to SFE of potential economical interest compounds, active compounds or toxic molecules, are presented: triglycerides, fatty acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc. Native plants from Chile and Venezuela, belonging to several families (Leguminosae, Chrysobalanaceae, Annonnaceae, etc.) were studied, some of them never studied by conventional phytochemical methods. The utilization of SFE along as HRGC-EM (high resolution gas chromatography - mass spectrometry) or HPLC-DAD (high performance liquid chromatography - diodearray detector) allowed the identification of some compounds, starting from small amounts of plant material; these data are of great significance to the chemical characterization of the studied species
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