Disclosure of Significant Relationships with Relevant Commercial Companies/Organizations: The authors declare that they have no relevant conflicts of interest. Z. K. Ballas (editor) disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Activity Objectives: 1. To define the immunopathogenesis of the cytokine storm associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). 2. To explore the role of the IL-6 in the SARS-CoV-2 inflammatory and viral responses. 3. To describe the role of biological immunotherapies targeting the hyperinflammatory immune response in SARS-CoV-2. 4. To outline the therapeutic strategy targeting upstream and downstream immunologic pathways in SARS-CoV-2. Recognition of Commercial Support: This CME activity has not received external commercial support.

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Delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions are clinically diverse reactions that vary from isolated benign skin conditions that remit quickly with no or symptomatic treatment, drug discontinuation or even continued drug treatment, to the other extreme of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) that are associated with presumed life-long memory T-cell responses, significant acute and long-term morbidity and mortality. Diagnostic “in clinic” approaches to delayed hypersensitivity reactions have included patch testing (PT), delayed intradermal testing (IDT) and drug challenges for milder reactions. Patch and IDT are, in general, performed no sooner than 4–6 weeks after resolution of the acute reaction at the maximum non-irritating concentrations. Functional in vitro and ex vivo assays have largely remained the province of research laboratories and include lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) and cytokine release enzyme linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) assay, an emerging diagnostic tool which uses cytokine release, typically IFN-γ, after the patient’s peripheral blood mononuclear cells are stimulated with the suspected drug(s). Genetic markers such as human leukocyte antigen have shown recent promise for both pre-prescription screening as well as pre-emptive and diagnostic testing strategies.

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