RAMA R., FERGUSON D. and MELERO A. (2003) Subcontracting networks in industrial districts: the electronics industries of Madrid , Reg. Studies 37 , 71- 88. With the recent introduction of industrial district typologies, the definition of "industrial district' has been extended beyond the classical "flexibly specialized' districts popularized in Italian case studies to include "hub- and-spoke' districts, technology districts and others. Few studies compare lesser known or emerging districts to these models. One difficult issue in the comparison of industrial districts has involved the insufficient identification and inconsistent measurement of interfirm connectedness and "networks'. In this paper, we propose that production subcontracting is a consistent yet relatively unexplored empirical measure of intradistrict connectedness, and that it varies uniformly in its nature and scope across district types. We present a model relating different types of industrial districts to particular subcontracting patterns on the basis of the overall incidence of subcontracting, its directionality, the durability of relationships, producers' motivations for externalizing production, and other producer characteristics. We then apply our model in assessing the subcontracting patterns we found among a sample of Madrid electronics producers, which we conclude comprise an emerging high-technology district. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. et MELERO A. (2003). Les réseaux de sous- traitants dans les districts industriels: l'électronique à Madrid, Reg. Studies 37 , 71-88. Avec l'introduction récente des typologies des districts industriels, la notion de "district industriel' va au- delà des districts classiques, à savoir spécialisés de façon souple et vulgarisés dans les études de cas italiens pour comprendre, parmi d'autres, des districts "rayonnants' et des technopoles. Rares sont les études qui comparent des districts moins connus ou naissants à ces modèles. Dans la comparaison des districts industriels, une question importante à aborder a été la faible identification et la mesure peu méthodique de la connectivité interentreprise et des "réseaux'. Cet article cherche à avancer la notion que sous-traiter la production constitue une mesure empirique systématique, pourtant relativement inexplorée, de la connectivité des districts, et qu'elle varie de façon uniforme quant à sa nature et à sa portée à travers une typologie de districts. On présente un modèle qui cherche à établir un rapport entre une typologie de districts industriels et des modes de sous-traitance particuliers sur la base de la tendance générale à la sous-traitance, à son orientation, à la solidité des rapports, à la motivation des producteurs quant à l'externalisation de la production, et à d'autres caractéristiques des producteurs. Il s'ensuit une application du modèle afin d'évaluer les modes de sous-traitance qui proviennent d'un échantillon de producteurs dans l'électronique à Madrid, qui représente une technopole naissante. RAMA R., FERGUSON D. und MELERO A. (2003) Weiterverge...
Aproximación a la estructura y los modelos de diversificación de la actividad empresarial en municipios rurales: análisis y tendencias en dos regiones españolas AbstractRural areas in developed countries have been experiencing, over the last decades, remarkable changes derived both from the deep restructuring of the agrarian sector and the crisis of the fordist productive system dominating in the 1960s. In this perspective, the rural world constitutes currently a new framework for local development, because it could host new locations of enterprises. This article tries to analyse the diversification models of the enterprises and the type of new enterprises that originated in rural areas in order to determine if businesses in new locations follow a pattern of concentration in industrial activities and services traditional in the zone or, if alternatively, they opt rather for non-traditional activities of an exogenous origin. The study focuses, within a comparative approach with the phenomenon at the national-national, in the Spanish regions of Andalucía and Castilla-La Mancha, which have both an agricultural productive component over the national average and an income by person lower that of the country average.
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