This paper was written by Analice C. Schwartz for the Global Partnership for Education (GPE), formerly known as The Fast Track Initiative, under the guidance of Helen Abadzi (Senior Education Specialist at the Global Partnership for Education). Special thanks to Collette Chabbott (The George Washington University) who provided valuable insights and comments of earlier drafts. The paper also benefited from feedback from World Bank's country officers, education specialists, and selected program developers. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work are of the author's only and do not necessarily reflect the views of the GPE, the World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.