We studied cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics at the cervical level in association with internal jugular veins (IJV) flow for 92 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify flow of the CSF and major vessels (including the IJV and the carotid arteries) at the C2-C3 level in the neck. Contrast enhanced MR angiography and time-of-flight MR venography were used to subdivide MS patients into stenotic (ST) and non-stenotic (NST) populations. We evaluated: IJV flow normalized by arterial flow; CSF peaks; CSF outflow duration and its onset from systole. We tested if these variables were statistically different among different MS phenotypes and between ST and NST MS patients. The delay between the beginning of beginning of systole and the CSF outflow was higher in ST compared to NST MS. Less IJV flow was observed in ST vs NST MS. None of the measures was different between the different MS phenotypes. These results suggest that alterations of IJV morphology affect both IJV flow and CSF flow timing but not CSF flow amplitude.

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Heart diseases are now the biggest killer in the world. Many cardiovascular pathologies are concealed and found incidentally on post mortem examination. To analyse spectrum of histopathological lesions (related or unrelated to cause of death) in heart autopsies in Hadoti region of Rajasthan. This was a one year prospective hospital-based study. A total of 133 whole heart specimen underwent detailed gross and microscopic examination. Most common histopathological finding was atherosclerosis, seen in 63 cases out of 133 autopsied hearts (47.3%), followed by myocardial hypertrophy in 31 cases and myocardial infarction in 20 cases. Age related changes were seen in 10 cases, severe congestion in 10 cases, myocardial fibrosis in 7 cases. 1 case each of infective endocarditis, myocardial calcification, ventricular rupture, myocarditis, LAD stent, fat embolism was noted. 51 hearts did not reveal any sort of pathology. Correlation of age with atherosclerosis showed a significant p value (0.0009). Males showed a slightly higher prevalence of atherosclerosis but it was not statistically significant. We had 39 (29.3%) cases of sudden cardiac deaths (SCD). SCD cases showed similar histopathological spectrum as all other causes of deaths, but percentage of each heart pathology was much higher in SCD. Most common finding among SCD cases was coronary artery disease (23 cases), followed by myocardial hypertrophy (22 cases) and myocardial infarction (13 cases). Myocardial Fibrosis was seen in 3 cases, age related changes in 2 cases, ventricular rupture in 1 case and severe congestion in 1 case. 61.5% SCD cases showed combination of two or more pathologies. Five SCD cases did not reveal any pathology.In our study heart pathologies make a major contribution towards ill health and death in our society, atherosclerosis being the most common finding.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide with hundred types of cancer that affect humans. The most spreading cancer globally is breast, prostate, lung, stomach, and colorectal cancers and nonmelanoma skin malignancies. Early detection of these transformations in the cell can improve the prognosis of cancer cases. Oncological screening and methods include ultrasound, MRI, digital mammography, CT scan, and magnetic resistance spectroscopy. Other techniques such as immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and micro-array are used for the diagnosis of cancer. Precision medicine is currently the subject of extensive research for the benefit of cancer therapy in the future. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and hormone therapy are the most often administered treatments to patients. The greatest treatment for cancer is also a stem cell transplantation, but it must come after less effective treatments to prevent blood loss and restore the patient’s health. The nanoparticles have been considered the best tumour-targeting vehicle. The recent nano-scale vehicles including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, nano-shells, and dendrimers have been used as conjugates.