Nowadays periodontal tissue diseases remain the leading dental pathology. Healthy periodontium is revealed only in 12% of people, while the rest have lesions of varying severity: from initial inflammatory to severe destructive changes with loss of teeth. Severe periodontitis, leading to the loss of teeth, is found in 5-15% of cases. To diagnose and prescribe treatment, laboratory assessment of the content of the gingival groove and / or periodontal pocket was studied. We assessed the titer of the aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms in the samples, the greatr amount was in a clinically significant titer. Although there are various instruments for taking the contents of the gingival groove and / or periodontal pocket, they have a number of drawbacks which complicate the culturing of the material and distort the findings. Taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of the existing instruments, we have developed the instrument for collecting the content of the gingival groove.

The gum recession is difficult to diagnose due to the diversity of the clinical picture, the severity of the course and the form of the causative agent. The apical displacement of the marginal gingiva violates the aesthetics of the smile, causes the discomfort in chewing movements and requires a professional dental intervention. The knowledge of the current aspects of the etiopathogenesis of gum recession a dentist professionally identify the cause and type of development of this disease and provide the patient with the qualified medical care. The article presents a review of modern literature that studies the factors influencing the occurrence of gum recession. The literature search has been done in the PubMed, Google Academy and Elibrary databases without language restrictions.