Mechanical response
of single crystals to light, temperature, and/or
forcean emerging platform for the development of new organic
actuating materials for soft roboticshas recently been quantitatively
described by a general and robust mathematical model (Chem. Rev20151151244012490). The model can be used to extract accurate activation
energies and kinetics of solid-state chemical reactions simply by
tracking the time-dependent bending of the crystal. Here we illustrate
that deviations of the macroscopic strain in the crystal from that
predicted by the model reveal the existence of additional, “hidden”
chemical or physical processes, such as sustained structural relaxation
between the chemical transformation and the resulting macroscopic
deformation of the crystal. This is illustrated with photobendable
single crystals of 4-hydroxy-2-(2-pyridinylmethylene)hydrazide, a
photochemical switch that undergoes E-to-Z isomerization. The irreversible isomerization in these crystals
results in amorphization and plastic deformation that are observed
as poor correlation between the transformation extent and the induced
strains. The occurrence of these processes was independently confirmed
by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. An extended
mathematical model is proposed to account for this complex mechanical
response.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.