The article considers the essence of the proper legal regulation of the military and alternative (non-military) services of religious citizens in Ukraine, which has gained a new relevance in the background of the another stage of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The right to replace the military service with an alternative one, its legal regulation, and the possible enhancement of such regulation are the subject of a full-scaled analysis. The article identifies the issues of the implementation of the right to freedom of conscience in military service in the modern state of war conditions and changes in the religious map of Ukraine. Conclusions were made on the need to preserve the institution of alternative service and the establishment of a full-fledged institution of military chaplaincy.