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Analysis of sedimentation and thermal data indicates that, for most parts of the Pannonian basin, observed heat flow, thermal gradients, rates of thermal subsidence and vitrinite reflectance are about twice those predicted by assuming a uniform extension model for basin formation in late Miocene time. A modified extension model, whereby large amounts of heat are added to the uppermost mantle during extension (roughly equivalent to replacing the entire sub-crustal lithosphere by asthenosphere), produced results in good agreement with observation and could also account for periods of uplift observed during extension. Crustal extension beneath most 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences,

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