Social cooperatives represent the most notable form of non-profit organizations operating in Italy in the social services field, the birth and development of which has been strongly linked to, and conditioned by, the needs and resources of territories and communities. This paper intends to demonstrate how certain socio-economic factors, recognized in economic literature as antecedents of the development of social enterprises, may account for the spread of social cooperatives in different Italian regions. Furthermore, the research results demonstrate an inter-regional differentiation of the shape social cooperation has entered into in Italy. * 214 ANTONIO PICCIOTTI, ANDREA BERNARDONI, MASSIMO COSSIGNANI AND LUCA FERRUCCI Las cooperativas sociales en Italia: antecedentes económicos y distribución regional Las cooperativas sociales constituyen la forma más representativa de organizaciones sinánimo de lucro en el campo de los servicios sociales en Italia. El nacimiento y el desarrollo de estas organizaciones ha estado estrechamente ligado y condicionado por las necesidades y recursos de los territorios y comunidades. Este artículo trata de mostrar como algunos factores socioeconómicos identificados en la literatura económica como antecedentes del desarrollo de las cooperativas sociales pueden explicar su expansión en las distintas regiones de Italia. Los resultados del estudio demuestran, además, que la cooperación social se ha desarrollado bajo diferentes fórmulas en las regiones italianas. Les coopératives sociales en Italie: Antécédentséconomiques et distribution régionale Les coopératives sociales représentent la forme la plus remarquable d'organisations sans but lucratif dans le domaine des services sociaux en Italie. La naissance et le développement de ces organisations ontétéétroitement liés et conditionnés par les besoins et ressources des territoires et communautés. Cet article viseà démontrer comment certains facteurs socio-économiques identifiés dans la littératureéconomique comme antécedents du développement des coopératives sociales peuvent expliquer leur expansion dans différentes régions d'Italie. Les résultats de l'étude démontrent en outre que la coopération sociale s'est installée sous différentes formes selon les régions d'Italie.

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<p class="Abstract">This paper presents the characterization of different tools employed in the construction of the Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence; they are part of the Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore collection and are currently exhibited in the Museo dell’Opera del Duomo. The analysed objects are turnbuckles, pulleys, three-legged lewises, and pincers; indeed, despite their uniqueness and their importance from the historical point of view, this study is the first one that investigates their alloys composition. Actually, this information can be of great interest for curators to find the best conservation strategies and to have new insights on the production techniques typical of the Renaissance. The study was performed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) in order to identify the materials constituting the objects. Then, XRF spectra were analysed using chemometric techniques, namely Principal Components Analysis (PCA), in order to investigate possible similarities among different alloys and thus provide new indications to help collocating these tools in a specific historical period.</p>

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