In the last 2 decades, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been increasingly recognized as a major public health problem. Since the introduction of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease in 1998, growing interest in the pathogenesis and management of patients with COPD has led to notable improvements in patient care and quality of life. Despite greater awareness of this common preventable disease and major therapeutic advances during this period, the global impact of COPD remains strikingly large. We provide an evidence-based clinical review on COPD, with a focus on internists as the target audience.

The growth and skeletal maturation of nine preterm female pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) obtained by C‐section at ≤155 postconceptional days were followed through six months of age. At C‐section they were of normal size and maturation for gestational age. Compared with 50 normal females born at term (mean = 173 ± 6.4 postconceptional days), preterm infants were also of normal size at term, but delayed in skeletal maturation, requiring about one month to achieve the standard.

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