I. General Information Materials. Commercial reagents were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich, Alfa Aesar, Acros, Strem, TCI, or Oakwood and used as received. Diethyl ether (Et2O), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and toluene (PhMe) were dried by passing through activated alumina columns and stored over molecular sieves in a N2-filled glovebox; N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was dried by passing through a column of activated molecular sieves. Acetonitrile (MeCN) was purchased from Millipore Sigma without sieves and subsequently sparged with nitrogen before bringing it into the glovebox. Sieves were detrimental for reactivity. Instrumentation. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker 500 AVANCE spectrometer (500 MHz), a Bruker NB 300 spectrometer (300 MHz), or a Bruker Avance III HD NanoBay (400 MHz) spectrometer. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2 H NMR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker 500 AVANCE spectrometer (77 MHz). Carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13 C NMR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker 500 AVANCE spectrometer (126 MHz). Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance (19 F NMR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker NB 300 spectrometer (282 MHz). Chemical shifts for protons are reported in parts per million (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane and are referenced to residual protium in the NMR solvent (CHCl3 =  7.26 ppm). Chemical shifts for carbon are reported in parts per million downfield from tetramethylsilane and are referenced to the carbon resonances of the solvent residual peak (CDCl3 =  77.16 ppm). Chemical shifts for fluorine are reported in parts per million referenced to CFCl3 ( 0 ppm). NMR data are represented as follows: chemical shift ( ppm), multiplicity (s = singlet, bs = broad singlet, d = doublet, appd = apparent doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, p = pentet, sx = sextet m = multiplet), coupling constant in Hertz (Hz), integration. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was performed on an Agilent 1260 Infinity analytical LC and Agilent 6120 Quadrupole LC/MS system, using electrospray ionization/atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (ESI/APCI), and UV detection at 254 and 280 nm. High-resolution mass spectra were obtained on an Agilent 6220 LC/MS using electrospray ionization time-of-flight (ESI-TOF) or Agilent 7200 gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using electron impact time-of-flight (EI-TOF). Gas chromatography was performed on an Agilent 7890A series instrument equipped with a split-mode capillary injection system and flame ionization detectors. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 100 and are reported in terms of frequency of absorption (cm-1). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed on an Agilent 1200 series instrument with a binary pump and a diode array detector, using Chiralcel OD-H (25 cm x 0.46 cm), Chiralcel OJ-H (25 cm x 0.46 cm), Chiralpak ASH (25 cm x 0.46 cm), Chiralpak AD-H (25 cm x 0.46 cm), Chiralpak IC (25 cm x 0.46 cm) and Chiralpack ID (25 cm x 0.46 cm). ...