Study objective-To assess whether there are variations between 11 Western European countries with respect to the size of diVerences in self reported morbidity between people with high and low educational levels. Design and methods-National representative data on morbidity by educational level were obtained from health interview surveys, level of living surveys or other similar surveys carried out between 1985 and 1993. Four morbidity indicators were included and a considerable eVort was made to maximise the comparability of these indicators. A standardised scheme of educational levels was applied to each survey. The study included men and women aged 25 to 69 years. The size of morbidity diVerences was measured by means of the regression based Relative Index of Inequality. Main results-The size of inequalities in health was found to vary between countries. In general, there was a tendency for inequalities to be relatively large in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark and to be relatively small in Spain, Switzerland, and West Germany. Intermediate positions were observed for Finland, Great Britain, France, and Italy. The position of the Netherlands strongly varied according to sex: relatively large inequalities were found for men whereas relatively small inequalities were found for women. The relative position of some countries, for example, West Germany, varied according to the morbidity indicator. Conclusions-Because of a number of unresolved problems with the precision and the international comparability of the data, the margins of uncertainty for the inequality estimates are somewhat wide. However, these problems are unlikely to explain the overall pattern. It is remarkable that health inequalities are not necessarily smaller in countries with more egalitarian policies such as the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries. Possible explanations are discussed.(J Epidemiol Community Health 1998;52: [219][220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227] Many studies throughout Europe have reported a higher level of morbidity and mortality for people with a lower educational level, occupational status or income level.1-3 An interesting question is whether the size of these health inequalities varies substantially between countries. One of the reasons for studying international variations in socioeconomic inequalities is that international comparison enables judgements to be made on the size of inequalities in health in diVerent country. In addition, comparative studies of health inequalities in societies that diVer with respect to the size of income inequalities, national living standards, and other potentially relevant aspects, may shed more light on the causes of socioeconomic inequalities in health.Several international comparisons have focused on socioeconomic inequalities in self reported morbidity. These studies suggested that the size of inequalities in health varies between countries. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Comparative research has, however, until now lacked comprehensiveness and often suVered f...
Thanks to the use of a common social class scheme in each country, a high degree of comparability was achieved. The results suggest that morbidity differences according to occupational class among men are very similar between different European countries.
Background: Venous invasion (VI) is an important prognosis predictor after colorectal carcinoma (CRC) resection, enabling more accurate staging and influencing postoperative management. Aims: To assess/compare various tissue block types (perpendicular, tangential, across mesentery (AM), from major vessels or lymph nodes (LNs)) for VI detection in CRC. Methods: Fifty two CRCs (51 colectomies, one polypectomy) were studied. Tumours were measured, surface area calculated, and colorectum and bowel wall sites recorded. Weigert's staining for elastin facilitated VI detection. VI sites, type, and amount were recorded. Ratios of relative yield of tissue block types to their frequency were calculated. Results: Average numbers of tissue blocks/colectomy specimen were: perpendicular, 10.2; tangential, 9.1; AM, 3.3; from major vessels, 2.1. Average number of LNs examined was 16.47. VI was detected in 22 tumours. Overall, VI was detected in 16 perpendicular, seven tangential, five AM, and two LN blocks. VI was detected in eight, two, one, and three tumours in perpendicular, tangential, LN, and AM blocks alone, respectively. In seven tumours, VI was identified in multiple tissue block types. The average number of blocks obtained was 39.7, 42.1, and 38 from all tumours, VI positive, and VI negative tumours, respectively (p = 0.0497). Efficacy to detect VI was 2.151, 2.088, 1.092, 0.172, and 0 for AM, perpendicular, tangential, LN, and mesenteric vessel blocks, respectively. Conclusions: VI was identified most frequently and in eight cases only in perpendicular blocks. However, extramural VI was detected in six tumours only in blocks cut tangentially, AM, or from harvested LNs. Hence, all these types of blocks should be submitted routinely and scanned for VI.
La population des étrangers résidant en France est très hétérogène, tant sur le plan de l'origine géographique, actuellement environ 45 % d'entre eux viennent d'Europe, 39 % d'Afrique, 16 % du reste du monde, que sur la durée de résidence en France, qui s'étend sur des dizaines d'années et la structure de l'immigration selon l'origine géographique a varié au cours des décennies. Par ailleurs, les étrangers sont plus présents dans certaines professions (Cf. annexe 1). Les résultats présentés ici doivent être interprétés en tenant compte de cette grande diversité. Les données utilisées proviennent de trois sources nationales,-l'enquête décennale auprès des ménages sur la santé et les soins médicaux (ESSM 2) effectuée en 2003, et, pour les données plus anciennes, les précédentes version de cette enquête de 1970, 1980, 1991,-l'enquête permanente auprès des ménages sur les soins et la protection sociale (ESPS 3) et l'appariement des données avec l'échantillon permanent d'assurés sociaux (EPAS 4) ; pour disposer d'effectifs suffisants, nous avons regroupé les échantillons de 2000 et 2002,-l'enquête sur les hospitalisés (EH 5), de 1991.
Les patients des CSG, présentent de grandes disparités, aussi bien du point de vue de leur origine que de leurs conditions de vie. On peut cependant trouver quelques similitudes : * * * La crise pétrolière et la montée du chômage qui s'en est suivie a mis en évidence les faiblesses d'un système de protection basé sur l'activité professionnelle. A la perte d'emploi a succédé pour une partie de la population une diminution des ressources, la perte de la protection maladie, parfois même celle d'un logement, des liens familiaux etc. Les pouvoirs publics semblaient incapables de répondre rapidement à ce phénomène, repéré à l'époque sous le terme de « nouvelle pauvreté ». Dans le domaine de l'accès aux soins, les institutions de soins gratuits existantes (COMEDE, dispensaire d'hygiène mentale, etc.) et les associations caritatives généralistes, dont certaines facilitaient l'accès aux soins des publics en difficultés, n'ont pu faire face à la montée de la précarité. Des équipes de bénévoles animées par des médecins ont créé des centres de soins gratuits (CSG dans la suite du texte), d'accès immédiat, sans débours et sans conditions : REMEDE en 1984, mission France de MDM en 1986, mission solidarité France de MSF en 1987, etc. ; depuis 1993, des consultations dites de précarité ont été créées dans les hôpitaux publics, qui reçoivent les patients démunis, dans les mêmes conditions de gratuité et d'accueil adapté. Outre la dispensation des soins, ils voulaient aider leurs patients à obtenir ou retrouver une protection sociale et alerter l'opinion et les pouvoirs publics pour que les modifications législatives ou réglementaires nécessaires soient rapidement prises. On doit, entre autres à ces équipes pionnières les extensions successives des droits à la protection sociale (création du RMI, aide médicale pour les bénéficiaires du RMI, maintien des droits pour les chômeurs inscrits à l'ANPE, extension de la notion d'ayant droit pour les enfants, les co-habitants etc.,) qui ont abouti à la création de la Couverture Maladie Universelle, Avant d'étudier la fréquentation des CSG, rappelons brièvement quelques données sur l'état de santé et l'accès aux soins des étrangers en France. Etat de santé et accès aux soins des étrangers en France 1 ARgSES, Arguments socio-économiques pour la santé A. et A. Mizrahi, ARgSES, http://argses.free.fr/, tél. 01 46 63 46 37-e-mail mizrahi.@cnam.fr Les étrangers dans les consultations de centres de soins gratuits, page 2
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