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The future looked bright for Argentina in the early twentieth century. It had already achieved high levels of income per capita and was moving away from authoritarian government towards a more open democracy. Unfortunately, Argentina never finished the transition. The turning point occurred in the 1930s when to stay in power, the Conservatives in the Pampas resorted to electoral fraud, which neither the legislative, executive, or judicial branches checked. The decade of unchecked electoral fraud led to the support for Juan Peron and subsequently to political and economic instability.
We investigate multiple biases in the individual weekly ballots submitted by the 65 voters in the Associated Press college football poll in 2007. Using censored tobit modeling, we find evidence of bias toward teams (1) from the voter's state, (2) in conferences represented in the voter's state, (3) in selected Bowl Championship Series conferences, and (4) that played in televised games, particularly on relatively prominent networks. We also find evidence of inordinate bias toward simplistic performance measures -number of losses, and losing in the preceding week -even after controlling for performance using mean team strength derived from 16 so-called computer rankings.Keywords: Discrimination, Voting, Group Decisions, Football, Censored Tobit Acknowledgement: We wish to acknowledge the substantial assistance provided by the two anonymous referees, and thank them for their valuable contributions to the improvement of this research.-3 -
Many developing countries' exports tend to be highly concentrated in terms of sectors and even products. In particular, they are strongly specialized in self-contained sectors. Recent economic literature has shown that institutions contribute to explaining this pattern. In this paper, we argue that the degree of self-containment itself is endogenous to institutions. Ceteris paribus a given sector will therefore have different levels of interactions with the rest of the economy across countries depending on the quality of institutions. We provide supportive evidence using a simultaneous equation approach on data on sectoral trade, country-specific input-output linkages, and institutional strength. Copyright 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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