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Abstract:The consumption of animal by-products has continued to witness tremendous growth over the last decade. This is due to its potential to combat protein malnutrition and food insecurity in many countries. Shortly after slaughter, animal by-products are separated into edible or inedible parts. The edible part accounts for 55% of the production while the remaining part is regarded as inedible by-products (IEBPs). These IEBPs can be re-processed into sustainable products for agricultural and industrial uses. The efficient utilization of animal by-products can alleviate the prevailing cost and scarcity of feed materials, which have high competition between animals and humans. This will also aid in reducing environmental pollution in the society. In this regard, proper utilization of animal by-products such as rumen digesta can result in cheaper feed, reduction in competition and lower cost of production. Over the years, the utilization of animal by-products such as rumen digesta as feed in livestock feed has been successfully carried out without any adverse effect on the animals. However, there are emerging gaps that need to be further addressed regarding the food security and sustainability of the products. Therefore, the objective of this review highlights the efficacy and effectiveness of using animal by-products as alternative sources of feed ingredients, and the constraints associated with their production to boost livestock performance in the industry at large.

The study examined the leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera and Bidens pilosa for presence of bioactive phytochemicals and their antioxidant activities on pH and lipid oxidation of fresh ground beef during 6 days cold storage. The results revealed that B. pilosa leaf extract contained higher amount of bioactive compounds and antioxidant contents (p < 0.05) than M. oleifera leaf extract. The extract of B. pilosa leaf exhibited higher antiradical activity against 2,2-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2íazino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radicals than M. oleifera leaf extract and standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (p < 0.05). Addition of M. oleifera and B. pilosa leaf extracts (0.5 and 1 g/kg) to fresh ground beef were found to lower the pH and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values compared with control and BHT treatments (0.2 g/kg) during the storage period (p > 0.05). The antioxidant activities of the extracts indicate that M. oleifera and B. pilosa leaf can be used as nutraceuticals or preservative agents in food industry.Actividades antioxidantes de extractos de hoja de Moringa oleifera L. y Bidens pilosa L. y sus efectos en la estabilidad oxidativa de ternera cruda picada durante el almacenamiento en frío RESUMEN Este estudio examinó extractos de hoja de Moringa oleifera y Bidens pilosa para detectar la presencia de fitoquímicos bioactivos y sus actividades antioxidantes en el pH y la oxidación lipídica de ternera fresca picada durante 6 días de almacenamiento en frío. Los resultados revelaron que el extracto de B. pilosa contenía una mayor cantidad de compuestos bioactivos y contenido antioxidante (p < 0,05) que el extracto de M. oleifera. El extracto de B. pilosa exhibió una mayor actividad antiradical frente a los radicales DPPH y ABTS que el extracto de M. oleifera y BHT estándar (p < 0,05). La adición de extracto de hoja de M. oleifera y B. pilosa (0,5 y 1 g/kg) a la ternera fresca picada se encontró que obtuvo unos valores menores de pH y TBARS en comparación con la muestra control y los tratamientos BHT (0,2 g/kg) durante el periodo de almacenamiento (p > 0,05). Las actividades antioxidantes de los extractos indican que las hojas de M. oleifera y B. pilosa pueden ser utilizadas como agente nutracéutico o conservante en la industria alimentaria. ARTICLE HISTORY

The global meat industry is characterised by a growing interest in natural preservative additives. This study determined the effect of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil (SBEO) on colour and lipid oxidation in minced beef. The phytoconstituents of SBEO were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Thereafter, minced beef samples from Nguni and Boran cattle were treated with either no additives (control, C) or SBEO added at 2% (SB2), 4% (SB4), or 6% (SB6). The meat samples were aerobically packaged and stored (4 ± 1°C) for seven days for measurement of lightness (L⁎), redness (a⁎), yellowness (b⁎), hue, chroma, and lipid oxidation (acid-reactive substances, TBARS) on days 0, 4, and 7. Thirty-two bioactive compounds with reported antioxidant and antimicrobial and activities were identified in SBEO, including Estragole (41.40%), 1, 6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl (29.49%), and trans-.alpha.-Bergamotene (5.32%). On days 0, 4, and 7, SB2, SB4, and SB6 had higher (P < 0.05) L⁎, a⁎, b⁎, hue, and chroma values; and on days 0 and 4 TBARS were lower (P < 0.05) in SB2 and SB4 than C and SB6. The addition of 2% and 4% SBEO improved colour and lipid oxidative stability, demonstrating potential for its use as a natural antioxidant additive in meat.