Both the KTS and RTS were significantly associated with need for admission and final outcome on logistic regression analysis; however, they may not be strong enough predictors to merit their use as a screening tool in our setting.

Elderly trauma in a resource-poor area in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with a significant increase in hospital admissions and mortality. Significant improvements in trauma systems, pre-hospital care, and hospital capacity for older, critically ill patients are imperative.

For a given linear program (LP) a permutation of its variables that sends feasible points to feasible points and preserves the objective function value of each of its feasible points is a symmetry of the LP. The set of all symmetries of an LP, denoted by G LP , is the symmetry group of the LP. Margot [F. Margot, 50 Years of Integer Programming 1958(2010, 647-686] described a method for computing a subgroup of the symmetry group G LP of an LP. This method computes G LP when the LP has only non-redundant inequalities and its feasible set satisfies no equality constraints. However, when the feasible set of the LP satisfies equality constraints this method finds only a subgroup of G LP and can miss symmetries. We develop a method for finding the symmetry group of a feasible LP whose feasible set satisfies equality constraints. We apply this method to find and exploit the previously unexploited symmetries of an orthogonal array defining integer linear program (ILP) within the branch-and-bound (B&B) with isomorphism pruning algorithm [F. Margot, Symmetric ILP: Coloring and small integers, Discrete Optimization 4 (1) ( 2007), 40-62]. Our method reduced the running time for finding all OD-equivalence classes of OA(160, 8, 2, 4) and OA(176, 8, 2, 4) by factors of 1/(2.16) and 1/(1.36) compared to the fastest known method [D. A. Bulutoglu and K. J. Ryan, Integer programming for classifying orthogonal arrays, Australasian Journal of Combinatorics 70 (3) (2018), 362-385]. These were the two bottleneck cases that could not have been solved until the B&B with isomorphism pruning algorithm was applied. Another key finding of this paper is that converting inequalities to equalities by introducing slack variables and exploiting the symmetry group of the resulting ILP's LP relaxation within the B&B with isomorphism pruning algorithm can reduce the computation time by several orders of magnitude when enumerating a set of all non-isomorphic solutions of an ILP.

The training of lay people to collect vital signs and Glasgow Coma Scale is an effective and sustainable method of task shifting in a resource-limited setting.

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