A conceptualization and measure of argumentativeness is reported. Argumentativeness was conceptualized as a trait Which is composed of the tendency to approach arguments and the tendency to avoid arguments. A 20-item, self-report scale was developed in a series of three factor analytic studies. The internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities of the scale were high. A series of additional studies yielded considerable evidence as to the validity of the scale. The conceptualization of argumentativeness accounts for state as well as trait components. The state components consisted of the individual's perceptions of the probability and importance of success and failure in a particular argumentative situation. A hypothesis was supported which posited response to a particular argument would be predicted better by trait and state components together than by the trait component alone.

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What Are Argumentative and Aggressive Communication? T o say that conflict exists everywhere would be to state the obvious. Conflict occurs between all people and in all contexts. If you were to review your interactions with people you encounter from day to day, you can probably recall numerous instances in which your communication with them was marked by disagreement. That is, you and others seem to see the world in very different ways, and the positions you hold on various issues seemed to be divergent. For example, you may recall conversations you had with friends, such as, "What is the best comedy program on television?" "Which major in college creates the greatest chance for getting a job after graduation?" "Who makes the best pizza in the city?" "Which brand of jeans is the most attractive?" or "Which current musical performer or group is the best?" One of your authors can recall arguments he had with friends many years ago about who were the better musical groups: the Beatles or the Rolling Stones, the Temptations or the Four Tops. The excitement felt when arguments were presented on a variety of such subjects, and the feelings of satisfaction experienced when he was able to win them over to his side are still palpable decades later. Although the issues, topics, and characters have changed, these types of arguments and the positive feelings about arguing continue today. You may even consider arguing with friends and colleagues fun or a type of recreational activity that is a satisfying alternative to watching television or 3

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