Previous studies have shown that a significant part of the bacterial communities of Antarctic soils is represented by cells passing through filters with pore sizes of 0.2 µm. These results raised new research questions about the composition and diversity of the filterable forms of bacteria (FFB) in Antarctic soils and their role in the adaptation of bacteria to the extreme living conditions. To answer such questions, we analyzed the succession of bacterial communities during incubation of Antarctic soil samples from the Bunger Hills at increased humidity and positive temperatures (5°C and 20°C). We determined the total number of viable cells by fluorescence microscopy in all samples and assessed the taxonomic diversity of bacteria by next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene region. Our results have shown that at those checkpoints where the total number of cells reached the maximum, the FFB fraction reached its minimum, and vice versa. We did not observe significant changes in taxonomic diversity in the soil bacterial communities during succession. During our study, we found that the soil bacterial communities as a whole and the FFB fraction consist of almost the same phylogenetic groups. We suppose rapid transition of the cells of the active part of the bacterial population to small dormant forms is one of the survival strategies in extreme conditions and contributes to the stable functioning of microbial communities in Antarctic soils.