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The work is aimed at establishing the boundaries of the use of models for describing signals in optoelectronic systems in calculating efficiency. A description of the signal formation process is proposed, taking into account the corpuscular and wave properties when registering signals in a wide range of intensities. A description of the statistical features of the output signals depending on the energy properties of the signal and noise components is proposed. It is shown that when describing the output signals of optoelectronic systems that register signals with different properties, Poisson and Gaussian distributions are used. The invariance of Poisson flows determines the description of an additive mixture of signal and background flows using Poisson flow. The efficiency of optoelectronic systems is calculated by the signal-to-noise ratio criterion based on the corpuscular and wave description of signals. Efficiency calculations have shown the expedience of using this criterion, provided that the statistical properties of signal and background flows are stabilized. It is shown that under the condition of changes in the energy characteristics of signals, from the point of view of the wave and corpuscular models, the statistical characteristics of the signals have different descriptions. The analysis of theoretical methods of signal analysis in optoelectronic systems is carried out, which is aimed at an adequate characteristic of the system operation, depending on the conditions of its operation. Taking into account the method of describing the process of receiving and processing signals will take into account additional statistical characteristics of signals, for example, an increase of the variance of the output signal. The use of adaptive methods for describing signals will make it possible to increase the efficiency of systems when receiving strong signals in a difficult interference environment, as well as when receiving weak signals

We study positions and morphology of optical vortices (OVs) within the field obtained after transmitting a circular single-charged OV-beam through the transparent screen with a rectilinear π-phase step. Experimental results are obtained with the help of a programmable spatial light modulator which is used for the Kummer beam formation and for introduction of the π-step phase difference at a desirable position within the incident beam cross section. The theory based on the Kirchhoff–Fresnel approximation shows a good agreement with the experimental data; peculiar features of the Kummer beam diffraction are elucidated in the course of confrontation against the results involving the Laguerre–Gaussian beam model with the same transverse size and spherical wavefront component. The diffracted field contains a system of interacting OVs (singular skeleton) which demonstrate a regular evolution (migration) within the diffracted beam cross section while the π-phase step translates across the incident beam; depending on the step position, new OV pairs may emerge and/or annihilate in the topological reactions. The morphology parameters of the separate diffracted-field OVs (orientations and form-factors of the near-core equal-intensity ellipses) also depend on the stage of the OV evolution and indicate conditions favorable for the efficient trapping and guiding of microparticles. The results may be useful for the diagnostics of OVs, experimental measurements of phase objects and in micromanipulation techniques.

У статті досліджено проблему затримки вантажовласниками вагонів АТ «Укрзалізниця» під час виконання вантажних операцій. Обґрунтовано необхідність запровадження розробленого Порядку визначення плати за користування власними вагонами перевізника АТ «Укрзалізниця» під час виконання вантажних операцій. Визначено, що запропонована методика розрахунку вартості простоїв вагонів стимулюватиме клієнтів ефективніше використовувати рухомий склад, зменшить наднормативний простій вагонів на під'їзних коліях та пришвидшить час їх обігу. Представлені формули розрахунку за використання власних вагонів перевізника під час виконання вантажних операцій та за перенесення терміну наступної вантажної операції для власних вагонів перевізника. Зазначено, що введення плати стимулюватиме вантажовідправника й вантажоодержувача вчасно та швидко повертати вагон, а також принесе додатковий ефект народному господарству загалом.