In the present study, the influence of humic acid (HA) molecular fractions (HA < 30 kDa and HA > 30 kDa) on enhancing the tolerance of seedlings of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Progres and Nawiko cultivars to salt stress (50 mM NaCl) was investigated. HA were extracted from mountain fen soil and then were separated into two molecular fractions by membrane filtration and characterized by diffusion coefficient (Dapp), electrolytic conductivity (κ) and electrophoretic mobility (Ue). The following biometric parameters of tested plants were determined: total leaf area, height of plants, fresh and dry mass of the over ground part and roots as well as length of shoots cells and length of stomas. The chlorophyll content in ground tissue as well as the macro and microelements content in tested plants also were determined. The results showed that the κ, Ue and Dapp for HA > 30 kDa were lower than these for HA < 30 kDa. Adding NaCl caused increase κ and decrease Dapp and Ue. The salt stress caused a major decrease in biometric parameters in tested plants. HA > 30 kDa reduced the uptake of macro and microelements in the soybean Progres cultivar. In soybean Nawiko cultivar, it caused significant uptake of Fe and Zn. Soybean cultivars showed strong reaction to salt stress. HA molecular fractions reduced or eliminated the influence of the salt stress. However, HA > 30 kDa was more effective than HA < 30 kDa, due to its properties.
Streszczenie. Celem pracy było określenie wpływu symulowanej suszy, indukowanej mannitolem (Mn) lub sorbitolem (So) w stężeniu 0-200 mM, na kiełkowanie nasion i wzrost siewek soi zwyczajnej (Glycine max L.) w kulturach in vitro. Analizy efektywności porcesu dokonano poprzez ocenę długości łodyg i korzeni oraz świeżej i suchej masy 3-tygodniowych siewek. Wartości wskaźników biometrycznych różniły się w zależności od rodzaju zastosowanej substancji. Mn w najniższym stężeniu (50 mM) nie wpływał na badane parametry biometryczne, natomiast So (50 mM) stymulował wzrost siewek, wydłużanie się korzeni oraz wzrost liczby liści i świeżej masy roślin. Niekorzystny efekt na biomasę zanotowano dopiero przy wyższych stężeniach obydwu substancji. Mn (>50 mM-<150 mM) negatywnie wpływał na kształtowanie się świeżej i suchej masy siewek. Z kolei Mn (150 i 200 mM) powodował ponadto zahamowanie wzrostu, zmniejszenie liczby i długości liści.So (200 mM) znacznie hamował wzrost siewek, zmniejszając suchą masę.
A laboratory research was carried out to examine the impact of humic acids (HA) on swelling and germination of ‘Nawiko’ and ‘Progres’ soybean seeds under salt stress (50 mM dm<sup>−3</sup> NaCl) and water deficit stress (−0.5 MPa) induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. HA in the form of a dry preparation was obtained from peat using the IHSS method. Tests on swelling and germination used non-fractionate preparation (NFHA) and two of its molecular fractions obtained using Millipore filters with a 30 kDa cut-off point. This enabled us to obtain two fractions: with a higher molecular weight, above 30 kDa (HMHA), and a lower molecular weight, below 30 kDa (LMHA). The carbon concentration in HA solutions, used in all tests, was 0.005 g C<span><sub>HA</sub></span> dm<sup>−3</sup>. The results showed that HA mitigate the negative impact of salinity and water deficit on swelling and germination of soybean seeds.
Opracowanie jest poświęcone prezentacji wpływu pojazdów osobowych na występowanie smogu. Głównym celem opracowania jest przedstawienie stanu technicznego pojazdów osobowych z silnikami benzynowymi oraz wpływu tych pojazdów na zanieczyszczenie powietrza. Badania zaprezentowane w opracowaniu wykonano w warunkach rzeczywistych na reprezentatywnej grupie samochodów, w przypadku których główną przyczyną nie spełnienia przez nie limitów emitowanych zanieczyszczeń jest to, że są za długo eksploatowane. Autorzy przeprowadzili także analizę struktury transportu w Polsce. Z analizy wynika że na koniec 2017 roku ogółem było zarejestrowanych 28 678 674 pojazdów, z czego pojazdów osobowych 22 005 578. Średni wiek zarejestrowanego samochodu osobowego w kraju wynosi 13 lat, a najstarszymi samochodami dysponują mieszkańcy Szczecina.
Budgets in organisational units are considered to be traditional management support tools. On the other hand, budgetary control is the essence of control measures, allowing for the increase in the efficiency of an enterprise through appropriate allocation of resources. The methodology used in the analysis of budget variances (obtained as a result of applying budgetary control) undoubtedly influences the management efficiency of almost every organizational unit. The authors indicate a research gap of methodological and application nature in the area of risk measurement in the analysis of budget variances. Therefore, the aim of the article is to create universal and flexible models enabling probabilistic quantification of the risk of budget variance regardless of the nature of the cost, the person budgeting and the budgeting unit. Extreme value theory was used to develop the model. The results of the work are models allowing for the estimation of the limit level of deviation for assumed probabilities and models determining the level of deviation for a given probability level. The application of these models in budgetary control will allow for a synthetic assessment of the degree of budget execution in the company, comparing the quality of budget execution over time as well as between units, defining the limits of materiality of budget variances. For the purpose of model verification, the authors have used budget variances of cost energy consumption, which have been determined on the basis of empirical distributions obtained from data coming from the system of budgetary control implemented at a university located in a larger European city.
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