In this article, some new aspects of unified cell bioenergetics are presented. From the perspective of unified cell bioenergetics certain subsequent stages of cancer development, from initiation stage, through transformation to metastasis, are analyzed. Here we show that after transformation, cancer cells are permanently exposed to reactive oxygen species, that causes continual random DNA mutations and as a result genome and chromosomal destabilizations. The modern cancer attractor hypothesis has been extended in explaining cancer development. Discussion is conducted in light of current cancerogenesis research, including bioenergetic cancer initiation, the somatic mutation theory and the tissue organization field theory. In the article reasons complicating the discovery of patterns of cancer genome changes and cancer evolution are presented. In addition certain cancer therapeutic aspects are given attention to.

This paper presents an integrated model describing the control of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells bioenergetics. This model describes the oxidative and respirofermentative metabolism. The model assumes that the mitochondria of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are charged with NADH during the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and NADH is discharged from mitochondria later in the electron transport system. Selected effects observed in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae eucaryotic cells, including the Pasteur's and Crabtree effects, are also modeled.

The important question that arises during determining the evolution of organisms is whether evolution should be treated as a continuous process or whether groups of organisms fall into 'local' attractors during evolution. A similar question arises during considering the development of cells after cancer transformation. Answers to these questions can provide a better understanding of how normal and transformed organisms evolve. So far, no satisfactory answers have been found to these questions. To find the answers and demonstrate that organisms during evolution get trapped in 'local' attractors, an artificial neural network supported by a semihomologous approach and unified cell bioenergetics concept have been used in this work. A new universal model of cancer transformation and cancer development has been established and presented to highlight the differences between the development of transformed cells and normal organisms. An unequivocal explanation of cancer initialization and development has not been discovered so far, thus the proposed model should shed new light on the evolution of transformed cells.

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