Cechą charakterystyczną gospodarki Unii Europejskiej jest znaczący w niej udział sektora małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw – MSP. Przedsiębiorstwa te, w porównaniu z przedsiębiorstwami dużymi, w tym zwłaszcza spółkami akcyjnymi, są słabszymi podmiotami gospodarczymi. Ich znacznie mniejsze możliwości pozyskiwania kapitału i zaawansowanych technologii powodują, że są w dużym stopniu zagrożone upadłością. Jednak dzięki aktywnej polityce wspierania prywatnej przedsiębiorczości liczba nowo powstających przewyższa liczbę tych, którym się nie powiodło (Leśniewski 2003). Polityka ta opiera się na założeniu, że sektor MSP przyczynia się do powstawania klasy średniej, której istnienie jest warunkiem stabilnej demokracji oraz przeciwdziała procesom koncentracji w gospodarce rynkowej i jej monopolizacji, ograniczającym wolny wybór i konkurencję (Ważniewski 2003).
The main goal of the article is to present the regional innovation strategies in the context of the industrial changes in Poland. The analysis has three parts. The first part introduces the general aims of RIS and their history in Europe, the second concerns the RIS in Poland and one of the Polish RIS in particular – RIS Silesia, and the third part describes the effects of Regional Innovations Strategies.RIS are the instruments of regional governments to build the regional innovation systems. A regional innovation system is the environment improving the entrepreneurship and innovation. RIS have been known in Europe since the 1980s but in Poland they are a new instrument implemented by the relatively new structures of regional government.The process of creation and implementation of these documents should be observed by the academics from the beginning, as it may turn out to be one of the most important instruments of the economic policy of the Polish regions. This is because of the financial capacity of the Polish regions and their willingness to follow the West European regions’ example.
The energy security is the term for the most part identified with ensuring its availability to different energy carriers and taking care about the continuity of its delivery. According to the authors, for Poland it means – above all – the diversification of the geographical structure of supply sources of crude oil and natural gas.The first part of the paper shows Polish dependence on the import of Russian crude oil and the possible other sources of supply – by realization of the plans of constructing the Odessa-Brody oil pipeline to Płock or using „Naftoport” in Gdańsk for oil unloading. The next part presents problems of the diversification of supply sources of natural gas and propositions alternative to the import from Russia – the delivery of natural gas from Norway or using the supply of liquefied gas (LNG) by sea (which requires infrastructure). In the last part of the paper the main subject is the role of the Polish petrochemical concern, PKN ORLEN in the country’s energy security system.The biggest corporation of Central Europe gained its importance on its own and taken-over refineries in Poland, the Czech Republic and Lithuania, also taking over inefficient logistic infrastructure, storage depots, pipeline network and sea reloading possibilities in Poland and Lithuania. The company interpreted the delivery diversification as the increased number of the crude oil suppliers and limitation of the share of long-standing contracts in the structure of crude oil delivery and the development of its own extraction segment. The authors recapitulate by saying that the idea of energy security and diversification can have different rendition in enterprises and the government. The diversification of the deliveries is possible but can be expensive (more expensive fuels, higher costs of transport, changes in processing technology), which can be a problem to enterprises. Doubts can be raised on the direction of the country’s actions, and promoting companies creating their own fuel base (it is more expensive than other solutions); it cannot be forgotten that Polish refineries have a right to negotiate the prices of crude oil delivery, which can maximise the gain for share holders (including the Treasure Ministry). The best solution to the problem of the level of energy security would be (besides diversification of sources of supply) a constant increase in crude oil storage capacity and system storage of natural gas.
Zapoczątkowanej w Polsce w 1990 roku transformacji systemu gospodarczego, obejmującej przekształcenia instytucjonalno - ekonomiczne i restrukturyzację gospodarki, towarzyszyło głębokie załamanie produkcji przemysłowej. Spadek siły nabywczej społeczeństwa, zmniejszenie zapotrzebowania na dobra inwestycyjne, konkurencja wyrobów pochodzących z importu oraz rozwiązanie Rady Wzajemnej Pomocy Gospodarczej, co w efekcie doprowadziło do utraty tradycyjnych rynków zbytu i zerwania więzi kooperacyjnych, znacznie utrudniły proces przystosowywania się polskiego przemysłu do nowych warunków ekonomicznych.
In 2006 Poland’s steel makers produced steel makers produced about 10 M mt crude steel (in 2002 – 8,4 M mt); consumption in 2006 was 10,7 m mt (in 2002 – 7,1 M mt). Flat products prevailed within domestic consumption of steel (51% of total consumption). Imports to consumption were 50%. Higher steel consumption was mainly driven by Polish economy growing fast, absorption of EU structural funds into growth0boosting and new projects.
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