The answers to the questions are: (a) yes; and (b) an initial moderate bottleneck, intensified by more recent historical events (isolation and inbreeding), can explain the current Amerindian pattern of diversity.

AbstrActthe parsimony Analysis of endemicity (pAe) is a method of historical biogeography that is used for detecting and connecting areas of endemism. based on data on the distribution of neotropical primates, we constructed matrices using quadrats, interfluvial regions and pre-determinated areas of endemism described for avians as operative Geographic units (oGus). We codified the absence of a species from an oGu as 0 (zero) and its presence as 1 (one). A hypothetical area with a complete absence of primate species was used as outgroup to root the trees. All three analyses resulted in similar groupings of areas of endemism, which match the distribution of biomes in the neotropical region. one area includes central America and the extreme northwest of south America, other the Amazon basin, and another the Atlantic forest, caatinga, cerrado and chaco.

ABSTRACT. Parsimony analysis of endemicity of Neotropical spittlebugs (Hemiptera, Cercopidae). The spittlebugs have an extent distribution in the American continent. Their diversity may determinate endemism areas based on their occurence in different localities. We have used Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity method, which is an important historic biogeography tool for detecting and establishing the relationship among endemics areas. A data matrix was built up based on the occurence registration for the species by 66 genus in whole localities divided in five degrees quadrats in the Neotropical Region, using 49 OGUs (Operative Geografic Units). The presence of the taxa in the areas was coded 1 and the absence 0. The data matrix was analysed based on parsimony analysis through the computer program Hennig 86. Nine endemic areas were stipulated (Mexico + Central America, Venezuelan Savana, Guiana + Suriname, Chaco, Trans-andean, Cerrado, Amazon, Pampa and Atlantic Forest) in the first analysis corroborated with ecological and physiographic patterns in each region. The second analysis was made using 48 genera to obtain the relationship among the nine areas stipulated before. In this analysis just one cladogram (3((1,2)((8,9)(6(7(4,5)))))) was obtained with 192 steps, consistence index 0.80 and retention index 0.85.

ABSTRACT. Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity based on neotropicals trechoppers (Hemiptera, Memb racidae, Hoplophorionini). The Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) consists in an important tool ofthe historical biogeography which has the purpose of detecting distribution pattems of organisms and the relationships among areas of endemism. Insect distribution data included in Membracidae-Hoplophorionini occuning in the American Continent were used in the present research in order to establish the relationships among eight predetermined areas of endemism which are: I) Mex ico, 2) Greater Antilles, 3) Central America, 4) North Andes, 5) Central Andes, 6) South Andes, 7) Amazon. e 8) South East Brazil. The data malJ'ix was based on lhe presence (coded as I) and abscence (O) of taxa in the areas. The analysis was performed with the use of computer program Hennig86 (FARRIS 1988) applying the comands ie (implicit enumeration), and xs w (successive weighting). Resu lted in the c1adogram (A2,«A6,(A I ,(A3,(A4,A5)))),(A 7 ,A8))) with 236 steps, consistency index = 0.94 and retention index = 0.86. Areas 7 and 8 follow a subtropical and tropical vegetation pattem made up respectively by pluvial forests and groves. The remaining areas (except 2) agree wilh mountainous vegetation of lhe Andes patlem and groves throughout the extention.

RESUMO -O turismo no litoral norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) tende a ampliar se houver uma melhor proposta de planejamento, visto que houve um aumento na sua quantidade de potenciais atrativos turísticos, como, por exemplo, a construção do complexo Parque Eólico no município de Osório. O surgimento do parque causou um forte impacto de imagem, além de contribuir para o desenvolvimento do Estado como o maior complexo gerador de energia a partir do vento da América Latina. Este trabalho discute conceitos de turismo, de planejamento turístico, de atrativo turístico e de produto turístico, objetivando principalmente apresentar possibilidades de inserção do Parque Eólico como produto, através do diagnóstico, prognóstico, inventariação e aplicação de técnicas de interpretação patrimonial no local, realizados em junho de 2011, com uma observação simples direta. A pesquisa configurou-se em uma abordagem bibliográfica a respeito do turismo em Osório ligado à existência do parque no município, além de visita técnica com observações locais. ABSTRACT -Tourism in the north coast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) tends to increase if there is a better planning proposal, since there was an increase in the quantity of potential tourist attractions, such as the construction of the wind farm complex in the city of Osório. The appearance of the park caused a strong impact image, besides contributed to the development of the state as the biggest wind energy complex generator in Latin America. This paper discusses concepts of tourism, tourism planning, tourism and the attractive tourism product, aiming mainly to show the possibilities of inserting the wind farm as product, through diagnosis, prognosis, inventory and application of techniques of heritage interpretation in the local, conducted in June 2011, with a simple direct observation. The research set up in a bibliographic approach regarding tourism in Osorio linked to the existence of the park in the city, besides technical visit with local observations. The possibility of the wind farm being entered as tourist product aims responsible planning and development of tourism in the city of Osório, Rio Grande do Sul.