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List of Tables xiii List of Figures xiv List of Abbreviations xvChapter 1 Introduction: The Puzzle of Chinese Sanctions CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: THE PUZZLE OF CHINESE SANCTIONS 1.1shifted, this 'new assertiveness meme has "gone viral" in the US media, the blogosphere, and in scholarly work '. 4 Despite heightened tensions between China and many other states over a wide range of issues, however, as well as the increasingly aggressive presence of Chinese maritime forces in disputed waters of the East and South China Seas, it remains unclear as to whether China has employed coercive economic measures against countries with which it has had political and territorial disputes. 5 Regardless of political tensions, China's bilateral trade accounts with most of these countries have continued to expand.Beijing also appears reluctant to resort to the use of sanctions at the UNSC. The use of UN sanctions as a political tool to manage challenges to international peace and security began to proliferate in the 1990s. While China, as a permanent member of the UNSC, has rarely wielded its veto to quash UN sanctions, it has remained cautious and sceptical about such sanctions. Chinese representatives to the UNSC have frequently abstained from voting on sanctions-related resolutions, and have repeatedly attempted to dilute various UN sanctions resolutions in order to reduce the effects of sanctions on target

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